{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:07:51Z","timestamp":1790795271186,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,30]],"date-time":"2013-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377820800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,30]],"date-time":"2013-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377820800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,30]],"date-time":"2013-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377820800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Stronger regulations on nitrogen oxide (NOx) production have recently promoted the creation of a diverse array of technologies for NOx reduction, particularly within the combustion process, where reduction is least expensive. In this paper, we discuss a new combustion technology that can reduce NOx emissions within industrial burners to single-digit parts per million levels without employing exhaust gas recirculation or other NOx reduction mechanisms. This new technology uses a simple modification of commercial burners, such that they are able to perform plasma-assisted staged combustion without altering the outer configuration of the commercial reference burner. We embedded the first-stage combustor within the head of the commercial reference burner, where it operated as a reformer that could host a partial oxidation process, producing hydrogen-rich reformate or synthesis gas product. The resulting hydrogen-rich flow then ignited and stabilized the combustion flame apart from the burner rim. Ultimately, the enhanced mixing and removal of hot spots with a widened flame area acted as the main mechanisms of NOx reduction. Because this plasma burner acted as a low NOx burner and was able to reduce NOx by more than half compared to the commercial reference burner, this methodology offers important cost-effective possibilities for NOx reduction in industrial applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/es401513t","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,30]],"date-time":"2013-08-30T11:48:31Z","timestamp":1377863311000},"page":"10964-10970","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Plasma-Assisted Combustion Technology for NO\n                    <i>x<\/i>\n                    Reduction in Industrial Burners"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Dae Hoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials , 104 Sinseong-ro , Yusong-gu, Daejeon 305-343 ,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwan-Tae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials , 104 Sinseong-ro , Yusong-gu, Daejeon 305-343 ,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee Seok","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials , 104 Sinseong-ro , Yusong-gu, Daejeon 305-343 ,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Hoon","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials , 104 Sinseong-ro , Yusong-gu, Daejeon 305-343 ,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Eon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sookook Corporation , 3454-4, Suha-ri, Shindun-myeon, Icheon-si , Gyeongi-do 467-842 ,","place":["Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026081802125361200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.81.3.350","article-title":"The UCLA population\nstudies of CORD: X. A cohort study of changes in respiratory function\nassociated with chronic exposure to SOx, NOx, and hydrocarbons","volume":"81","author":"Detels","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026081802125361200_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.06.001","article-title":"Trends in NOx abatement: A review","volume":"408","author":"Skalska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026081802125361200_cit3","unstructured":"Emission Standards for the\nEuropean Union: Cars and Light Trucks; http:\/\/www.dieselnet.com\/standards\/eu\/ld.php."},{"key":"2026081802125361200_cit4","unstructured":"Ministry of Environment, Government of Korea\n          . Digital\nLibrary; library.me.go.kr\/viewer\/MediaViewer.ax?cid=141111&rid=19."},{"key":"2026081802125361200_cit5","first-page":"51","article-title":"Minimize\nNOx emissions cost-effectively","volume":"June","author":"Adams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hydrocarbon\nProcess."},{"key":"2026081802125361200_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4271\/2009-01-1438","article-title":"Effective NOx reduction\nin high boost, wide range and high EGR rate in a heavy duty diesel\nengine","author":"Adachi","year":"2009","journal-title":"SAE [Tech. Pap.]"},{"key":"2026081802125361200_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2010.11.006","article-title":"NOx formation\nand reduction mechanism in staged O2\/CO2 combustion","volume":"158","author":"Tanabe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Combust. 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Hydrogen Energy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081802125361200_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/S1540-7489(02)80141-9","article-title":"Laboratory investigation of an ultralow NOx premixed combustion concept for industrial boilers","volume":"29","author":"Littlejohn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"2026081802125361200_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482293630","volume-title":"Plasma Physics and\nEngineering","author":"Fridman","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026081802125361200_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s11090-012-9407-7","article-title":"Mapping plasma\nchemistry in hydrocarbon fuel processing processes","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plasma Chem. Plasma Process."},{"key":"2026081802125361200_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anikin\n              N. B.\n            ; MintoussovE. I.; PancheshnyiS. V.; RoupassovD. V.; SychV. E.; StarikovskiiA. Y.\n          Nonequilibrium\nplasmas and its applications for combustion and hypersonic flow control. Proceedings of the 41st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting\nand Exhibition; Reno, NV, Jan 6\u20139, 2003; AIAA-2003-1053.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2003-1053"},{"key":"2026081802125361200_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galley\n              D.\n            ; PillaG.; LacosteD.; DucruixS.; LauxC.\n          Plasma-enhanced combustion of a lean\npremixed air\u2013propane turbulent flame using a nanosecond repetitively\npulsed plasma. Proceedings of the 43rd AIAA\nAerospace Science Meeting and Exhibition; Reno, NV, Jan 10\u201313, 2005; AIAA-2005-1193.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2005-1193"},{"key":"2026081802125361200_cit16","first-page":"022001","article-title":"The role of non-thermal transient\nplasma for enhanced flame ignition in C2H4\u2013air","volume":"44","author":"Singleton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Phys."},{"key":"2026081802125361200_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2008.03.007","article-title":"Kinetics\nof ignition of saturated hydrocarbons by nonequilibrium\nplasma: CH4-containing mixtures","volume":"154","author":"Kosarev","year":"2008","journal-title":"Combust. 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Plasma\nSci."},{"key":"2026081802125361200_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2012.03.009","article-title":"Optimization and performance of atmospheric fused hollow\ncathodes","volume":"87","author":"Barankova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"2026081802125361200_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5570","DOI":"10.1021\/ie0616794","article-title":"Effects of hydrocarbons\nand water vapor on NOx using V2O5\u2013WO3\/TiO2 catalyst reduction\nin combination with nonthermal plasma","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ind.\nEng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2026081802125361200_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2006.07.230","article-title":"Optimization scheme\nof a rotating gliding arc reactor for partial oxidation of methane","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"2026081802125361200_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2010.07.029","article-title":"Plasma controlled\nchemistry in plasma reforming of methane","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int.\nJ. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"2026081802125361200_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2011.03.024","article-title":"The effect of injection timing and\nintake valve close timing on performance and emissions of diesel PCCI\nengine with a full engine cycle CFD simulation","volume":"88","author":"Jia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"2026081802125361200_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.11.030","article-title":"A spectroscopy\nstudy of gasoline partially premixed compression ignition spark assisted\ncombustion","volume":"104","author":"Paster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"2026081802125361200_cit28","unstructured":"Waibel\n              R. T.\n            \n          \n          Ultra low NOx burners for industrial\nprocess heaters. Proceedings of the 2nd International\nConference on Combustion\nTechnologies for a Clean Environment; Lisbon, Portugal, July\n19\u201322, 1993."},{"key":"2026081802125361200_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2009.03.022","article-title":"Catalysis for NOx abatement","volume":"86","author":"Roy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. 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