{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T18:57:47Z","timestamp":1782932267821,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"15","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ. Sci. Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,5]]},"DOI":"10.1021\/es405118y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,7]],"date-time":"2014-03-07T19:02:20Z","timestamp":1394218940000},"page":"8334-8348","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1337,"title":["A Critical Review of the Risks to Water Resources from Unconventional Shale Gas Development and Hydraulic Fracturing in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Avner","family":"Vengosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert B.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States"},{"name":"School of Earth Sciences, Woods Institute for the Environment, and Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Warner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas H.","family":"Darrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Kondash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"15","key":"ref1\/cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5679","DOI":"10.1021\/es903811p","volume":"44","author":"Kargbo D. M.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"5986","key":"ref2\/cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1126\/science.328.5986.1624","volume":"328","author":"Kerr R. A.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref3\/cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4686","DOI":"10.1021\/es3011767","volume":"46","author":"Schnoor J. L.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref4\/cit4","unstructured":"Annual Energy Outlook 2013;United States Energy Information Administration, 2013."},{"key":"ref5\/cit5","author":"Brantley S. L.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"ref6\/cit6","unstructured":"Ridlington, E.; Rumpler, J.Fracking by the Numbers: Key Impacts of Dirty Drilling at the State and National Level;Environment America Research & Policy Center, 2013; p46."},{"key":"ref7\/cit7","unstructured":"Annual Energy Outlook 2014 Early Release Overview;United States Energy Information Agency, 2013."},{"key":"ref8\/cit8","author":"Rivard C.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"ref9\/cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2013.04.068","volume":"60","author":"Hu D.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Policy."},{"key":"ref10\/cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2012.12.044","volume":"21","author":"Xingang Z.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref11\/cit11","first-page":"28","volume":"23","author":"Boyer C.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oilfield Rev"},{"key":"ref12\/cit12","volume-title":"World Energy Outlook 2012","year":"2012"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref13\/cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-011-0061-5","volume":"106","author":"Howarth R.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"issue":"7364","key":"ref14\/cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/477271a","volume":"477","author":"Howarth R. W.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref15\/cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.2012.00933.x","volume":"50","author":"Myers T.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ground Water."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref16\/cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3992\/jgb.8.1.62","volume":"8","author":"Walton J.","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Green Build."},{"key":"ref17\/cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.04.093","volume":"461","author":"Eaton T. T.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"8","key":"ref18\/cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2011.01757.x","volume":"32","author":"Rozell D. J.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref19\/cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeps.2013.03.213","volume":"7","author":"Vengosh A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia Earth Planet. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref20\/cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.3390\/w4040983","volume":"4","author":"Hatzenbuhler H.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water."},{"key":"ref21\/cit21","first-page":"a348","volume":"119","author":"Schmidt C. W.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref22\/cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6134","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1235009","volume":"340","author":"Vidic R. D.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref23\/cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3472","DOI":"10.1021\/es301411q","volume":"47","author":"Ferrar K. J.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"10","key":"ref24\/cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5459","DOI":"10.1021\/es304414q","volume":"47","author":"Dale A. T.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"7","key":"ref25\/cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3521","DOI":"10.1021\/es3044714","volume":"47","author":"Pacsi A. P.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"13","key":"ref26\/cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4962","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1213871110","volume":"110","author":"Olmstead S. M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref27\/cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8172","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1100682108","volume":"108","author":"Osborn S. G.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"37","key":"ref28\/cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E665","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1109270108","volume":"108","author":"Osborn S. G.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"28","key":"ref29\/cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11250","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221635110","volume":"110","author":"Jackson R. B.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"43","key":"ref30\/cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E872","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1113768108","volume":"108","author":"Jackson R. B.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref31\/cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1304880110"},{"key":"ref32\/cit32","first-page":"117","author":"Petron G.","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res., Atmos."},{"key":"ref33\/cit33","first-page":"3707","volume-title":"SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts","author":"Tutuncu A.","year":"2011"},{"issue":"30","key":"ref34\/cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11961","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1121181109","volume":"109","author":"Warner N. R.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"20","key":"ref35\/cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11849","DOI":"10.1021\/es402165b","volume":"47","author":"Warner N. R.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref36\/cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2013.04.013","volume":"35","author":"Warner N. R.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"ref37\/cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2011.12.004","volume":"17","author":"Rahm B. G.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy."},{"issue":"5","key":"ref38\/cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2011.03.009","volume":"39","author":"Rahm D.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energ. Policy"},{"key":"ref39\/cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2013.02.029","volume":"120","author":"Rahm B. G.","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"ref40\/cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3855","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-013-2578-6","volume":"70","author":"Kissinger A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"issue":"14","key":"ref41\/cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3602","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50707","volume":"40","author":"Flewelling S. A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref42\/cit42","volume-title":"Constraining the Source and Migration of Natural Gas in Shallow Aquifers within Active Shale Gas Production Zone: Insights from Integrating Noble Gas and Hydrocarbon Isotope Geochemistry","author":"Darrah T. H.","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref43\/cit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/gwat.12056","volume":"51","author":"Molofsky L. J.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Groundwater"},{"key":"ref44\/cit44","first-page":"54","author":"Molofsky L. J.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oil Gas J."},{"issue":"8","key":"ref45\/cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1306\/01031110103","volume":"95","author":"Tilley B.","year":"2011","journal-title":"AAPG Bull."},{"issue":"12","key":"ref46\/cit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2006.08.010","volume":"37","author":"Tilley B.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"ref47\/cit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2012.08.002","volume":"339","author":"Tilley B.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"issue":"8","key":"ref48\/cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-6380(99)00068-6","volume":"30","author":"Rowe D.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref49\/cit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/gwat.12074","volume":"51","author":"Jackson R. E.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ground Water."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref50\/cit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.2005.0005.x","volume":"43","author":"Van Stempvoort D.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ground Water."},{"key":"ref51\/cit51","volume-title":"Identifying the Sources of Fugitive Methane Associated with Shale Gas Development","author":"Muehlenbachs K.","year":"2011"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref52\/cit52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.1983.tb01940.x","volume":"21","author":"Harrison S. S.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ground Water."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref53\/cit53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.1985.tb00775.x","volume":"23","author":"Harrison S. S.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ground Water."},{"key":"ref54\/cit54","first-page":"62","author":"Brufatto C.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oil Field Review"},{"key":"ref55\/cit55","volume-title":"Deep Water: The Gulf Oil Disaster and the Future of Offshore Drilling","author":"Graham B.","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref56\/cit56","volume-title":"American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting","author":"Ingraffea A. R.","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref57\/cit57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kresse, T. M.; Warner, N. R.; Hays, P. D.; Down, A.; Vengosh, A.; Jackson, R. B.Shallow Groundwater Quality and Geochemistry in the Fayetteville Shale Gas-Production Area, North-Central Arkansas, 2011:USGS: 2012.31.","DOI":"10.3133\/sir20125273"},{"key":"ref58\/cit58","volume-title":"Tracing the Legacy of Accidental Spills and Releases of Marcellus Wastewater in Pennsylvania","author":"Warner N. R.","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref59\/cit59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/gwat.12079","volume":"51","author":"Heilweil V. M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ground Water."},{"key":"ref60\/cit60","volume-title":"Investigation of Ground Water Contamination near Pavillion, Wyoming (Draft Report)","author":"DiGiulio D. C.","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref61\/cit61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright, P. R.; McMahon, P. B.; Mueller, D. K.; Clark, M. L.Groundwater-Quality and Quality-Control Data for Two Monitoring Wells near Pavillion, Wyoming,U.S. Geological Survey, 2012; p26.","DOI":"10.3133\/ds718"},{"key":"ref62\/cit62","unstructured":"Thyne, T.Review of Phase II Hydrogeologic Study (Prepared for Garfield County), 2008."},{"issue":"17","key":"ref63\/cit63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10032","DOI":"10.1021\/es4011724","volume":"47","author":"Fontenot B. E.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref64\/cit64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.2008.00170.x","volume":"44","author":"Carter J. M.","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Resour. As."},{"issue":"15","key":"ref65\/cit65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8189","DOI":"10.1021\/es301839p","volume":"46","author":"Carter J. M.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref66\/cit66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/gwat.12015","volume":"51","author":"Cohen H. A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ground Water."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref67\/cit67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/gwat.12016","volume":"51","author":"Myers T.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ground Water."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref68\/cit68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.2012.00990.x","volume":"50","author":"Saiers J. E.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ground Water."},{"issue":"52","key":"ref69\/cit69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3625","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1216133110","volume":"109","author":"Engelder T.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref70\/cit70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/gwat.12095","volume":"52","author":"Flewelling S. A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ground Water"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref71\/cit71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1995)107<0697:RCFFFA>2.3.CO;2","volume":"107","author":"Weaver T. R.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am. Bull."},{"issue":"10","key":"ref72\/cit72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1988)100<1568:SIGOSN>2.3.CO;2","volume":"100","author":"Long D. T.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am. Bull."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref73\/cit73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-2927(99)00098-0","volume":"15","author":"Mehta S.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref74\/cit74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(00)00314-0","volume":"238","author":"Mehta S.","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref75\/cit75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2113\/gselements.7.3.181","volume":"7","author":"Gregory K. B.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Elements"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref76\/cit76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2011.01196.x","volume":"81","author":"Struchtemeyer C. G.","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref77\/cit77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2012.01.013","volume":"71","author":"Struchtemeyer C. G.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref78\/cit78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2012.03.006","volume":"7","author":"Aminto A.","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref79\/cit79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1021\/es304638h","volume":"47","author":"Barbot E.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref80\/cit80","author":"Orem W.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"ref81\/cit81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2012.10.002","volume":"28","author":"Haluszczak L. O.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref82\/cit82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3545","DOI":"10.1021\/es204005g","volume":"46","author":"Chapman E. C.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref83\/cit83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2475\/03.2012.01","volume":"312","author":"Osborn S. G.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref84\/cit84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11004-012-9436-z","volume":"45","author":"Engle M. A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Math. Geosci."},{"key":"ref85\/cit85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3133\/sir20115135","volume-title":"Radium Content of Oil- And Gas-Field Produced Waters in the Northern Appalachian Basin (USA)\u2014Summary and Discussion of Data: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011\u20135135","author":"Rowan E. L.","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref86\/cit86","author":"Engle M. A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"issue":"11","key":"ref87\/cit87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.06.014","volume":"89","author":"Balaba R. S.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref88\/cit88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coal.2013.12.005"},{"key":"ref89\/cit89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13141","DOI":"10.1021\/es402928b","volume":"47","author":"Morali Mohan A. M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref90\/cit90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6941.12183","volume":"86","author":"Mohan A. M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref91\/cit91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-012-0073-3","volume":"64","author":"Davis J. P.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"issue":"9","key":"ref92\/cit92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1890\/110053","volume":"9","author":"Entrekin S.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref93\/cit93","unstructured":"Hughes, J. D.InTight oil: A solution to U.S. import dependence?Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs:Denver, CO, 2013; p398."},{"key":"ref94\/cit94","unstructured":"Hensen, J.InIt is more than a simple bell curve.,Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs:Denver, CO, 2013; p399."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref95\/cit95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2012.759166","volume":"63","author":"Gross S. A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc."},{"key":"ref96\/cit96","first-page":"90","volume":"12","author":"Papoulias D. M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Southeastern Naturalist"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref97\/cit97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2010.0504","volume":"40","author":"Adams M. B.","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref98\/cit98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466046612000427","volume":"14","author":"Wilson J. M.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Pract."},{"key":"ref99\/cit99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000733"},{"key":"ref100\/cit100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2172\/984718","volume-title":"Water Management Technologies Used by Marcellus Shale Gas Producers","author":"Veil J. A.","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref101\/cit101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1002\/wrcr.20096","volume":"49","author":"Lutz B. D.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref102\/cit102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1017\/S146604661200035X","volume":"14","author":"Maloney K. O.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Pract."},{"issue":"13","key":"ref103\/cit103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.04.009","volume":"44","author":"Chen B. Y.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref104\/cit104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.2175\/106143009X12487095236955","volume":"82","author":"Chowdhury S.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Environ. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"ref105\/cit105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2009.12.042","volume":"44","author":"Chowdhury S.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref106\/cit106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.12.071","volume":"157","author":"Xue S.","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref107\/cit107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1021\/es303729n","volume":"47","author":"Pan Y.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref108\/cit108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.10.005","volume":"46","author":"Jones D. B.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref109\/cit109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1080\/15275922.2010.495935","volume":"11","author":"Kitis M.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Forensics"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref110\/cit110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7184","DOI":"10.1021\/es9039314","volume":"44","author":"Pressman J. G.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref111\/cit111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2007.09.001","volume":"636","author":"Richardson S. D.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mutat. Res., Rev. Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref112\/cit112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12575","DOI":"10.1021\/es402437n","volume":"47","author":"Wilson J.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"8","key":"ref113\/cit113","first-page":"53","volume":"105","author":"States S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Works Ass."},{"key":"ref114\/cit114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.08.008","volume":"466","author":"Hladik M. L.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"6142","key":"ref115\/cit115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1225942","volume":"341","author":"Ellsworth W. L.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref116\/cit116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2013.04.023","volume":"107","author":"Rutqvist J.","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Petrol. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"35","key":"ref117\/cit117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13934","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1207728109","volume":"109","author":"Frohlich C.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref118\/cit118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1785\/0120100131","volume":"101","author":"Frohlich C.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref119\/cit119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1785\/gssrl.83.2.250","volume":"83","author":"Horton S.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"47","key":"ref120\/cit120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18786","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1311316110","volume":"110","author":"Gan W.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref121\/cit121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1130\/G34045.1","volume":"41","author":"Keranen K. M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geology"},{"issue":"6142","key":"ref122\/cit122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1238948","volume":"341","author":"van der Elst N. J.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref123\/cit123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2850","DOI":"10.1785\/0120130017","volume":"103","author":"Llenos A. L.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref124\/cit124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2013.04.011","volume":"107","author":"Yuan Z.","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Petrol. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref125\/cit125","first-page":"125","volume":"87","author":"Krishnaswami S.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"issue":"12","key":"ref126\/cit126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(95)00141-7","volume":"59","author":"Webster I. T.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref127\/cit127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-2927(00)00014-7","volume":"16","author":"Sturchio N. C.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref128\/cit128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2008.10.022","volume":"260","author":"Vinson D. S.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"ref129\/cit129","author":"Skalak K. J.","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref130\/cit130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2190\/NS.23.1.h","volume":"23","author":"Rich A. L.","year":"2013","journal-title":"New Solutions"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref131\/cit131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(00)00188-3","volume":"113","author":"Zielinski R. A.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref132\/cit132","first-page":"35","volume":"11","author":"Crabtree M.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oilfield Rev."},{"key":"ref133\/cit133","unstructured":"Swann, C.; Matthews, J.; Ericksen, R.; Kuszmaul, J.Evaluations of Radionuclides of Uranium, Thorium, And Radium Associated with Produced Fluids, Precipitates, And Sludges from Oil, Gas, And Oilfield Brine Injection wells in Mississippi University;MS:Mississippi Mineral Resources Institute\/Department of Pharmacology\/Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, University of Mississippi, 2004; p83."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref134\/cit134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3580","DOI":"10.1021\/es204602t","volume":"46","author":"Nicot J. P.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"9","key":"ref135\/cit135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4918","DOI":"10.1021\/es4000593","volume":"47","author":"Murray K. E.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref136\/cit136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4095\/290262","volume-title":"Hydraulic Fracture Water Usage in Northeast British Columbia: Locations, Volumes, And Trends","author":"Johnson E. G.","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref137\/cit137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenny, J. F.; Barber, N. L.; Hutson, S. S.; Linsey, K. S.; Lovelace, J. K.; Maupin, M. A.Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2005;U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1344.Reston, VA, 2009.52.","DOI":"10.3133\/cir1344"},{"key":"ref138\/cit138","unstructured":"FracFocus FracFocus 2.0.http:\/\/fracfocus.org\/(accessed 10\/17\/2013)."},{"key":"ref139\/cit139","unstructured":"Freyman, M.; Salmon, R.Hydraulic Fracturing and Water Stress: Growing Competitive Pressures for Water;CERES:Boston, MA, 2013; p12."},{"issue":"22","key":"ref140\/cit140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12669","DOI":"10.1021\/es403537z","volume":"47","author":"Mitchell A. L.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref141\/cit141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1089\/dst.2013.0014","volume":"1","author":"He C.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Disrupt. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref142\/cit142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466046612000439","volume":"14","author":"Yoxtheimer D.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Pract."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref143\/cit143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1021\/es403852h","volume":"48","author":"Kondash A. J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref144\/cit144","volume-title":"White Paper on SPE Summit on Hydraulic Fracturing","author":"Veil J. A.","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref145\/cit145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2012.05.037","volume":"312","author":"Hickenbottom K. L.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref146\/cit146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2118\/164535-MS","volume-title":"Innovative Friction Reducer Provides Improved Performance and Greater Flexibility in Recycling Highly Mineralized Produced Brines","author":"Ferguson M. L.","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref147\/cit147","unstructured":"Guerra, K.; Dahm, K.; Dundorf, S.Oil and Gas Produced Water Management and Beneficial Use in the Western United States;U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Technical Service Center, Water and Environmental Resources Division, Water Treatment Engineering Research Group:Denver, CO, 2011; p113."},{"key":"ref148\/cit148","volume-title":"Carnegie Museum of Natural History Pennsylvania Unconventional Natural Gas Wells Geodatabase","year":"2000"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/es405118y","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T21:47:43Z","timestamp":1716587263000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/es405118y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,7]]},"references-count":148,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1021\/es405118y"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es405118y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,7]]}}}