{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T22:41:28Z","timestamp":1791153688540,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,26]],"date-time":"2015-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES00002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES00002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Seafood consumption is the primary route of methylmercury (MeHg) exposure for most populations. Inherent uncertainties in dietary survey data point to the need for an empirical tool to confirm exposure sources. We therefore explore the utility of Hg stable isotope ratios in human hair as a new method for discerning MeHg exposure sources. We characterized Hg isotope fractionation between humans and their diets using hair samples from Faroese whalers exposed to MeHg predominantly from pilot whales. We observed an increase of 1.75\u2030 in \u03b4202Hg values between pilot whale muscle tissue and Faroese whalers\u2019 hair but no mass-independent fractionation. We found a similar offset in \u03b4202Hg between consumed seafood and hair samples from Gulf of Mexico recreational anglers who are exposed to lower levels of MeHg from a variety of seafood sources. An isotope mixing model was used to estimate individual MeHg exposure sources and confirmed that both \u0394199Hg and \u03b4202Hg values in human hair can help identify dietary MeHg sources. Variability in isotopic signatures among coastal fish consumers in the Gulf of Mexico likely reflects both differences in environmental sources of MeHg to coastal fish and uncertainty in dietary recall data. Additional data are needed to fully refine this approach for individuals with complex seafood consumption patterns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/es500340r","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,26]],"date-time":"2014-06-26T17:23:13Z","timestamp":1403803393000},"page":"8800-8806","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Assessing\nSources of Human Methylmercury Exposure\nUsing Stable Mercury Isotopes"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Miling","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard School of Public Health , , 401 Park Drive , , ,","place":["Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02215"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura S.","family":"Sherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan , , 1100 North University Avenue , , ,","place":["Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel D.","family":"Blum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan , , 1100 North University Avenue , , ,","place":["Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Grandjean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard School of Public Health , , 401 Park Drive , , ,","place":["Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02215"]},{"name":"University of Southern Denmark , , J. B. Winsl\u00f8ws Vej 9B, 2nd floor , ,","place":["Odense C, Denmark, DK-5000"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bjarni","family":"Mikkelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Faroese Museum of Natural History , V. U. Hammershaimbsg\u00f8ta 13 , ,","place":["To\u0301rshavn, Faroe Islands, FO-100"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pa\u0301l","family":"Weihe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Faroese Hospital System , , Sigmundarg\u00f8ta 5 , ,","place":["To\u0301rshavn, Faroe Islands, 100"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsie M.","family":"Sunderland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard School of Public Health , , 401 Park Drive , , ,","place":["Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02215"]},{"name":"Harvard University , , 29 Oxford Street , , ,","place":["Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, 02138"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Shine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard School of Public Health , , 401 Park Drive , , ,","place":["Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02215"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"2026090303250017000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn034","article-title":"Maternal\nfish intake during pregnancy, blood mercury levels, and child cognition\nat age 3 years in a US cohort","volume":"167","author":"Oken","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090303250017000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2004.07.016","article-title":"A review\nof the studies of the cardiovascular health effects of methylmercury\nwith consideration of their suitability for risk assessment","volume":"98","author":"Stern","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090303250017000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2004.12.005","article-title":"Low-Level\nMethylmercury Exposure as a Risk Factor for Neurologic Abnormalities\nin Adults","volume":"26","author":"Auger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"2026090303250017000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-2-8","article-title":"Low level\nmethylmercury exposure affects neuropsychological function in adults","volume":"2","author":"Edna","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090303250017000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447(2007)36[3:MEAHEI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Methylmercury\nexposure and health\neffects in humans: A worldwide concern","volume":"36","author":"Mergler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"2026090303250017000_cit6","volume-title":"Global\nMercury Assessment","year":"2002"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090303250017000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205122","article-title":"A Quantitative Synthesis of Mercury\nin Commercial Seafood and Implications for Exposure in the United\nStates","volume":"120","author":"Karimi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090303250017000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9377","article-title":"Mercury\nexposure from domestic and imported estuarine and marine fish in the\nU.S. seafood market","volume":"115","author":"Sunderland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"2026090303250017000_cit9","article-title":"Intake of Fish and Shellfish","volume-title":"Exposure\nFactors Handbook","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026090303250017000_cit10","first-page":"229","article-title":"Applications\nof stable mercury isotopes to biogeochemistry","volume-title":"Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry","author":"Blum","year":"2011"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090303250017000_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3403","DOI":"10.1021\/es305250z","article-title":"New insight into biomarkers\nof human mercury exposure using naturally occurring mercury stable\nisotopes","volume":"47","author":"Sherman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026090303250017000_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9910","DOI":"10.1021\/es202353m","article-title":"Hg speciation\nand stable isotope\nsignatures in human hair as a tracer for dietary and occupational\nexposure to mercury","volume":"45","author":"Laffont","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"23","key":"2026090303250017000_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8985","DOI":"10.1021\/es9019518","article-title":"Anomalous\nmercury isotopic compositions of fish and human hair in the Bolivian\nAmazon","volume":"43","author":"Laffont","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090303250017000_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(98)00192-2","article-title":"Methylmercury and\ntotal mercury in tissues of arctic marine mammals","volume":"218","author":"Wagemann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sci. 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Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090303250017000_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2008.11.038","article-title":"Mass dependent stable\nisotope fractionation\nof mercury during mer mediated microbial degradation\nof monomethylmercury","volume":"73","author":"Kritee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"issue":"5849","key":"2026090303250017000_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1148050","article-title":"Mass-dependent\nand -independent fractionation of Hg\nisotopes by photoreduction in aquatic systems","volume":"318","author":"Bergquist","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"22","key":"2026090303250017000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2009.08.016","article-title":"Mercury isotope fractionation during photoreduction\nin natural water is controlled by its Hg\/DOC ratio","volume":"73","author":"Zheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090303250017000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4246","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9111348","article-title":"Isotope fractionation\nof mercury during its photochemical\nreduction by low-molecular-weight organic compounds","volume":"114","author":"Zheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"issue":"24","key":"2026090303250017000_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9148","DOI":"10.1021\/es901771r","article-title":"Variations\nin stable\nisotope fractionation of Hg in food webs of arctic lakes","volume":"43","author":"Gantner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090303250017000_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.09.038","article-title":"Mercury stable isotopes in sediments\nand largemouth bass from Florida\nlakes, USA","volume":"448","author":"Sherman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090303250017000_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1021\/es902361j","article-title":"Stable isotope (N,\nC, Hg) study of methylmercury sources\nand trophic transfer in the Northern Gulf of Mexico","volume":"44","author":"Senn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO): Troms\u00f8, Norway (http:\/\/www.nammco.no\/Nammco\/Mainpage\/MarineMammals\/long-finned_pilot_whale.html) (accessed September 15, 2013)."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090303250017000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1002\/2013GB004689","article-title":"Factors\ndriving mercury variability in the Arctic atmosphere and ocean over\nthe past 30 years","volume":"27","author":"Fisher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Global Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090303250017000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002609","article-title":"Fish consumption and mercury exposure among Louisiana\nrecreational anglers","volume":"119","author":"Lincoln","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090303250017000_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.2313","article-title":"Application of mercury\nisotopes for tracing trophic transfer and internal distribution of\nmercury in marine fish feeding experiments","volume":"32","author":"Kwon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090303250017000_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-007-1236-9","article-title":"Reporting of variations in the natural\nisotopic composition\nof mercury","volume":"388","author":"Blum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090303250017000_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.2113\/gselements.5.6.353","article-title":"The odds\nand evens of mercury isotopes: Applications\nof mass-dependent and mass-independent isotope fractionation","volume":"5","author":"Bergquist","year":"2009","journal-title":"Elements"},{"key":"2026090303250017000_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(68)80059-7","article-title":"Least squares\nfitting of a straight line with correlated errors","volume":"5","author":"York","year":"1968","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090303250017000_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1021\/es103053y","article-title":"Mercury\nisotopes link mercury in San Francisco Bay forage fish to surface\nsediments","volume":"45","author":"Gehrke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090303250017000_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1918","article-title":"Methylmercury\nproduction below the mixed layer in the North Pacific Ocean","volume":"6","author":"Blum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"2026090303250017000_cit40","first-page":"89","article-title":"Analysis of Faroese\ncatches of pilot whales (1709\u20131992), in relation to environmental\nvariations","volume-title":"Biology of northern hemisphere\npilot whales","author":"Hoydal","year":"1993"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090303250017000_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315401003770","article-title":"The biology of the\nommastrephid squid, Todarodes sagittatus, in the north-east Atlantic","volume":"81","author":"Lordan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of the\nMarine Biological Association of the UK"},{"key":"2026090303250017000_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"DOI: 10.1029\/2008GB003425","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GB003425","article-title":"Mercury\nsources, distribution, and bioavailability in the North Pacific Ocean:\nInsights from data and models","volume":"23","author":"Sunderland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Global Biogeochem.\nCycles"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090303250017000_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2009.54.3.0837","article-title":"The origin\nof methylmercury in open\nMediterranean waters","volume":"54","author":"Cossa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090303250017000_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(00)00592-1","article-title":"Mercury species in\nthe liver of ringed seals","volume":"261","author":"Wagemann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090303250017000_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(96)05087-5","article-title":"Mercury\nin pilot whales: Possible\nlimits to the detoxification process","volume":"186","author":"Caurant","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sci. Total\nEnviron."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090303250017000_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.1999.tb00427.x","article-title":"Evaluation of the\nuncertainty in an oral reference dose for methylmercury due to interindividual\nvariability in pharmacokinetics","volume":"19","author":"Clewell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Risk Analysis"},{"key":"2026090303250017000_cit47","unstructured":"Warner, K.; Walker Timme, B. L.; Hirshfield, M.\n          Oceana Study Reveals\nSeafood Fraud Nationwide. Oceana: Washington, DC (accessed December\n2013)."},{"key":"2026090303250017000_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2012.08.001","article-title":"Mercury in the Gulf of Mexico: Sources\nto receptors","volume":"119","author":"Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090303250017000_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2007.09.005","article-title":"Seasonal\ndistributions and cycling of mercury and methylmercury in the waters\nof New York\/New Jersey Harbor Estuary","volume":"109","author":"Balcom","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar.\nChem."},{"key":"2026090303250017000_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2012.03.013","article-title":"Mercury\nbiogeochemical cycling in the ocean and policy implications","volume":"119","author":"Mason","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"2026090303250017000_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2012.03.011","article-title":"Mercury sources and fate in the Gulf of Maine","volume":"119","author":"Sunderland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090303250017000_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1021\/es034528q","article-title":"Geochemical controls on the production and distribution\nof methylmercury in near-shore marine sediments","volume":"38","author":"Hammerschmidt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090303250017000_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1021\/es9032524","article-title":"Response of a macrotidal estuary\nto changes in anthropogenic mercury loading between 1850 and 2000","volume":"44","author":"Sunderland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"20","key":"2026090303250017000_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10957","DOI":"10.1021\/es3019836","article-title":"Sources and Transfers of Methylmercury\nin Adjacent\nRiver and Forest Food Webs","volume":"46","author":"Tsui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/es500340r","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/48\/15\/8800\/10363935\/es500340r.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/48\/15\/8800\/10363935\/es500340r.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:25:12Z","timestamp":1788420312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/48\/15\/8800\/978305\/Assessing-Sources-of-Human-Methylmercury-Exposure"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,26]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es500340r","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,26]]}}}