{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T07:41:45Z","timestamp":1790581305963,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,15]],"date-time":"2015-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1429056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":322,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_termsofuse.html"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This paper describes the development of (1) a formula correlating the variation in overall refinery energy efficiency with crude quality, refinery complexity, and product slate; and (2) a methodology for calculating energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission intensities and processing fuel shares of major U.S. refinery products. Overall refinery energy efficiency is the ratio of the energy present in all product streams divided by the energy in all input streams. Using linear programming (LP) modeling of the various refinery processing units, we analyzed 43 refineries that process 70% of total crude input to U.S. refineries and cover the largest four Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD) regions (I, II, III, V). Based on the allocation of process energy among products at the process unit level, the weighted-average product-specific energy efficiencies (and ranges) are estimated to be 88.6% (86.2%\u201391.2%) for gasoline, 90.9% (84.8%\u201394.5%) for diesel, 95.3% (93.0%\u201397.5%) for jet fuel, 94.5% (91.6%\u201396.2%) for residual fuel oil (RFO), and 90.8% (88.0%\u201394.3%) for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The corresponding weighted-average, production GHG emission intensities (and ranges) (in grams of carbon dioxide-equivalent (CO2e) per megajoule (MJ)) are estimated to be 7.8 (6.2\u20139.8) for gasoline, 4.9 (2.7\u20139.9) for diesel, 2.3 (0.9\u20134.4) for jet fuel, 3.4 (1.5\u20136.9) for RFO, and 6.6 (4.3\u20139.2) for LPG. The findings of this study are key components of the life-cycle assessment of GHG emissions associated with various petroleum fuels; such assessment is the centerpiece of legislation developed and promulgated by government agencies in the United States and abroad to reduce GHG emissions and abate global warming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/es5010347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,28]],"date-time":"2014-05-28T15:24:11Z","timestamp":1401290651000},"page":"7612-7624","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"title":["Energy\nEfficiency and Greenhouse Gas Emission Intensity\nof Petroleum Products at U.S. Refineries"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Amgad","family":"Elgowainy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Argonne National Laboratory , , 9700 South Cass Avenue , , ,","place":["Argonne, Illinois, United States, 60439"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeongwoo","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Argonne National Laboratory , , 9700 South Cass Avenue , , ,","place":["Argonne, Illinois, United States, 60439"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Argonne National Laboratory , , 9700 South Cass Avenue , , ,","place":["Argonne, Illinois, United States, 60439"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Argonne National Laboratory , , 9700 South Cass Avenue , , ,","place":["Argonne, Illinois, United States, 60439"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant S.","family":"Forman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sasol Synfuels International , 900 Threadneedle, Suite 100 , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77079"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent B.","family":"DiVita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jacobs Consultancy Inc. , 5995 Rogerdale Road , , ,","place":["Houston, Texas, United States, 77072"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090312445087600_cit1","volume-title":"Petroleum Supply\nAnnual 2013 Volume 1, Table 18: Refinery Net Input of Crude Oil and\nPetroleum Products by PAD and Refining Districts, 2012","author":"Energy Information Administration (EIA).","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026090312445087600_cit2","volume-title":"Petroleum Supply Annual 2013\nVolume 1, Table 17: Refinery\nand Blender Net Production of Finished Petroleum Products by PAD and\nRefining Districts, 2012","author":"EIA.","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026090312445087600_cit3","volume-title":"Refinery\nCapacity Report 2013, Table 10a","author":"EIA.","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026090312445087600_cit4","volume-title":"Greenhouse\nGas Reporting Program (GHGRP), Refineries","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026090312445087600_cit5","volume-title":"Annual\nEnergy Outlook (AEO) 2013, Liquid Fuels Supply and\nDisposition, Reference Case","author":"EIA.","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026090312445087600_cit6","volume-title":"2017\u20132025 CAFE GHG Supplemental Rules","author":"EPA and National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration (NHTSA).","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026090312445087600_cit7","volume-title":"Renewable\nFuel Standard (RFS)","author":"EPA.","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026090312445087600_cit8","article-title":"Drivers behind\ngrowing U.S. product exports and shrinking light-heavy price differences","volume-title":"Independent Statistics and Analysis","author":"Shore","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026090312445087600_cit9","unstructured":"EPA.\n          \n          Emission\nStandards Reference Guide: Highway,\nNonroad, Locomotive, and Marine Diesel Fuel Sulfur Standards. http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/otaq\/standards\/fuels\/diesel-sulfur.htm, accessed Feb. 2014."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090312445087600_cit10","article-title":"U.S. Refining\nOutlook Rosier than It Seems","author":"DeGon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oil  Gas J."},{"key":"2026090312445087600_cit11","unstructured":"California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board.\n          \n          Low-Carbon Fuel Standard Program; 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