{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T22:41:33Z","timestamp":1791153693279,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,12]],"date-time":"2015-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1439337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P42 ES007373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P42 ES007373"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We measured mercury (Hg) isotope ratios in sediments and various estuarine organisms (green crab, blue mussel, killifish, eider) to investigate methylmercury (MMHg) sources and exposure pathways in five Northeast coast (U.S.) estuaries. The mass independent Hg isotopic compositions (MIF; \u0394199Hg) of the sediments were linearly correlated with the sediment 1\/Hg concentrations (\u0394199Hg: r2 = 0.77, p &amp;lt; 0.05), but the mass dependent isotope compositions (MDF; \u03b4202Hg) were not (r2 = 0.26, p = 0.16), reflecting inputs of anthropogenic Hg sources with varying \u03b4202Hg. The estuarine organisms all display positive \u0394199Hg values (0.21 to 0.98 \u2030) indicating that MMHg is photodegraded to varying degrees (5\u201312%) prior to entry into the food web. The \u03b4202Hg and \u0394199Hg values of most organisms can be explained by a mixture of MMHg and inorganic Hg from sediments. At one contaminated site mussels have anomalously high \u03b4202Hg, indicating exposure to a second pool of MMHg, compared to sediment, crabs and fish. Eiders have similar \u0394199Hg as killifish but much higher \u03b4202Hg, suggesting that there is an internal fractionation of \u03b4202Hg in birds. Our study shows that Hg isotopes can be used to identify multiple anthropogenic inorganic Hg and MMHg sources and determine the degree of photodegradation of MMHg in estuarine food webs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/es5020554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,12]],"date-time":"2014-08-12T10:55:17Z","timestamp":1407840917000},"page":"10089-10097","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["Mercury\nIsotope Study of Sources and Exposure Pathways\nof Methylmercury in Estuarine Food Webs in the Northeastern U.S."],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Sae Yun","family":"Kwon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan , , 1100 N. University Avenue , , ,","place":["Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel D.","family":"Blum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan , , 1100 N. University Avenue , , ,","place":["Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celia Y.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dartmouth College , , 78 College Street , , ,","place":["Hanover, New Hampshire, United States, 03755-3576"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dustin E.","family":"Meattey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodiversity Research Institute , 652 Main Street , , ,","place":["Gorham, Maine, United States, 04038"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert P.","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut , , 1080 Shennecossett Road , , ,","place":["Groton, Connecticut, United States, 06340"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090312445966700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447(2007)36[3:MEAHEI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Methylmercury\nexposure and health\neffects in humans: A worldwide concern","volume":"36","author":"Mergler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ambio."},{"key":"2026090312445966700_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1126\/science.166.3901.72","article-title":"Photosynthesis\nand fish production in the sea","volume":"166","author":"Ryther","year":"1969","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090312445966700_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9377","article-title":"Mercury\nexposure from domestic and imported estuarine and marine fish in the\nU.S. seafood market","volume":"115","author":"Sunderland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026090312445966700_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1049","article-title":"Methylmercury\nphotodegradation influenced by sea-ice\ncover in Arctic marine ecosystems","volume":"4","author":"Point","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"2026090312445966700_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.09.038","article-title":"Mercury stable isotopes\nin sediments and largemouth\nbass from Florida lakes, USA","volume":"448","author":"Sherman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026090312445966700_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1021\/es302566w","article-title":"Methylmercury\nproduction in estuarine sediments: Role of organic matter","volume":"47","author":"Schartup","year":"2012,","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090312445966700_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-004-6263-0","article-title":"Distribution patterns\nof mercury in lakes and rivers of northeastern North America","volume":"14","author":"Dennis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol."},{"key":"2026090312445966700_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.2307\/5615","article-title":"The role of energy intake rate in\nprey and habitat selection of common eiders Somateria mollissima in winter: A risk-sensitive interpretation","volume":"61","author":"Guillemette","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"2026090312445966700_cit55","first-page":"639","article-title":"Local movements, home ranges and body condition of\nCommon Eider Somateria mollissima wintering in southwest\nGreenland","volume":"94","author":"Merkel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ardea"},{"key":"2026090312445966700_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1897\/08-245.1","article-title":"Mercury\ndemethylation in waterbird livers: Dose-response thresholds and differences\namong species","volume":"28","author":"Eagles-Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"2026090312445966700_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00215806","article-title":"Mercury levels\nand its chemical form in tissues and organs of seabirds","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"2026090312445966700_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es500340r","article-title":"Assessing sources of\nhuman methylmercury exposure using stable mercury isotopes","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090312445966700_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3403","DOI":"10.1021\/es305250z","article-title":"New insight into biomarker\nof human mercury exposure using naturally occurring mercury stable\nisotopes","volume":"47","author":"Sherman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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