{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T17:24:20Z","timestamp":1788456260600,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,25]],"date-time":"2015-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":158,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000082","name":"Division of Graduate Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1011744"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1011744"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000082","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000146","name":"Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1336877"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1336877"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000146","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Long-term monitoring (LTM) of groundwater remedial projects is costly and time-consuming, particularly when using phytoremediation, a long-term remedial approach. The use of trees as sensors of groundwater contamination (i.e., phytoscreening) has been widely described, although the use of trees to provide long-term monitoring of such plumes (phytomonitoring) has been more limited due to unexplained variability of contaminant concentrations in trees. To assess this variability, we developed an in planta sampling method to obtain high-frequency measurements of chlorinated ethenes in oak (Quercus rubra) and baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) trees growing above a contaminated plume during a 4-year trial. The data set revealed that contaminant concentrations increased rapidly with transpiration in the spring and decreased in the fall, resulting in perchloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) sapwood concentrations an order of magnitude higher in late summer as compared to winter. Heartwood PCE and TCE concentrations were more buffered against seasonal effects. Rainfall events caused negligible dilution of contaminant concentrations in trees after precipitation events. Modeling evapotranspiration potential from meteorological data and comparing the modeled uptake and transport with the 4 years of high frequency data provides a foundation to advance the implementation of phytomonitoring and improved understanding of plant contaminant interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/es502680p","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,20]],"date-time":"2014-08-20T10:21:17Z","timestamp":1408530077000},"page":"10634-10640","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Phytomonitoring of Chlorinated\nEthenes in Trees: A\nFour-Year Study of Seasonal Chemodynamics\n                    <i>in Planta<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Matt A.","family":"Limmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Missouri University of Science and Technology , , , ,","place":["Rolla, Missouri, United States, 65409"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda J.","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Missouri University of Science and Technology , , , ,","place":["Rolla, Missouri, United States, 65409"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel G.","family":"Burken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Missouri University of Science and Technology , , , ,","place":["Rolla, Missouri, United States, 65409"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090312450371900_cit1","unstructured":"SERDP Long-Term\nMonitoring. http:\/\/www.serdp.org\/Featured-Initiatives\/Cleanup-Initiatives\/Long-Term-Monitoring. Accessed August 2014."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090312450371900_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9496(2004)130:2(140)","article-title":"Striking\nthe Balance: Long-Term Groundwater Monitoring\nDesign for Conflicting Objectives","volume":"130","author":"Reed","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Water\nResour. Plann. Manage."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090312450371900_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184A","DOI":"10.1021\/es032433i","article-title":"Equilibrium Sampling\nDevices","volume":"37","author":"Mayer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026090312450371900_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6218","DOI":"10.1021\/es2005286","article-title":"Phytoforensics, Dendrochemistry,\nand Phytoscreening: New Green Tools for Delineating Contaminants from\nPast and Present","volume":"45","author":"Burken","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090312450371900_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1021\/es9900858","article-title":"Sorption of Monoaromatic\nHydrocarbons to Wood","volume":"34","author":"MacKay","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090312450371900_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1021\/es072014b","article-title":"Phytoscreening\u201d:\nThe Use of Trees for Discovering Subsurface Contamination by VOCs","volume":"42","author":"Sorek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"19","key":"2026090312450371900_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8276","DOI":"10.1021\/es201704v","article-title":"Phytoscreening for Chlorinated Solvents Using Rapid\nin Vitro SPME Sampling: Application to Urban Plume in Verl, Germany","volume":"45","author":"Limmer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090312450371900_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1021\/es980848b","article-title":"Chlorinated Ethenes\nfrom Groundwater\nin Tree Trunks","volume":"33","author":"Vroblesky","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090312450371900_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/rem.20216","article-title":"Taproot technology:\nTree coring for fast, noninvasive plume delineations","volume":"19","author":"Burken","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remediation"},{"key":"2026090312450371900_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6592.2006.00124.x","article-title":"Monitoring Subsurface\nContamination Using Tree Branches","volume":"27","author":"Gopalakrishnan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ground Water\nMonit. Rem."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090312450371900_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6592.2004.tb01299.x","article-title":"Ground\nWater Chlorinated Ethenes in Tree Trunks: Case\nStudies, Influence of Recharge, and Potential Degradation Mechanism","volume":"24","author":"Vroblesky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ground Water Monit. Rem."},{"key":"2026090312450371900_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vroblesky, D. A.\n          \n          User\u2019s Guide\nto the Collection and Analysis of Tree Cores to Assess the Distribution\nof Subsurface Volatile Organic Compounds; U.S. Geological Survey: Reston, VA, 2008; USGS Report 2008-5088, p 72.","DOI":"10.3133\/sir20085088"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090312450371900_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4846","DOI":"10.1021\/es1042657","article-title":"Monitoring Network\nDesign for Phytoremediation\nSystems Using Primary and Secondary Data Sources","volume":"45","author":"Gopalakrishnan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090312450371900_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/gwmr.12039","article-title":"Phytoscreening:\nA Comparison of In planta Portable GC-MS and In vitro Analyses","volume":"34","author":"Limmer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ground Water Monit.\nRem."},{"key":"2026090312450371900_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.10.084","article-title":"In planta Passive Sampling Devices for Assessing Subsurface\nChlorinated Solvents","volume":"104","author":"Shetty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"21","key":"2026090312450371900_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3379","DOI":"10.1021\/es9706817","article-title":"Predictive Relationships\nfor Uptake of Organic Contaminants\nby Hybrid Poplar Trees","volume":"32","author":"Burken","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090312450371900_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1002\/047127304X.ch18","article-title":"Uptake, Metabolism,\nand Phytovolatilization of Trichloroethylene by Indigenous Vegetation:\nImpact of Precipitation","volume-title":"Phytoremediation:\nTransformation and Control of Contaminants","author":"Doucette","year":"2003"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026090312450371900_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.1021\/es981183g","article-title":"Biophysical\nMechanisms of Trichloroethene\nUptake and Loss in Baldcypress Growing in Shallow Contaminated Groundwater","volume":"33","author":"Nietch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090312450371900_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1021\/es026055d","article-title":"TCE Diffusion to the Atmosphere in Phytoremediation\nApplications","volume":"37","author":"Ma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090312450371900_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1021\/es960564w","article-title":"Uptake\nand Biotransformation of Trichloroethylene by\nHybrid Poplars","volume":"31","author":"Newman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090312450371900_cit21","unstructured":"Lewis, K. L.\n          \n          The Relationship\nBetween Tree-Core and Groundwater Trichloroethylene Concentrations\nfor Groundwater Plume Delineation. Utah State University,\nMaster\u2019s Thesis, 2001."},{"key":"2026090312450371900_cit22","unstructured":"Vroblesky, D. A.; Willey, R.; Clifford, S.; Murphy, J.\n          Data from tree-coring\ninvestigation near the Nyanza Chemical Waste Dump Superfund Site,\nAshland, Massachusetts; U.S. Geological\nSurvey: Reston, VA, 2006; USGS Data Series Report 218, p 5."},{"key":"2026090312450371900_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2011.11.010","article-title":"Pollutant\nPlume Delineation from Tree Core Sampling Using Standardized Ranks","volume":"162","author":"Wahyudi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090312450371900_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-012-1238-9","article-title":"One-year Measurements of Chloroethenes in Tree Cores and Groundwater\nat the SAP Mimon\u030c Site, Northern Bohemia","volume":"20","author":"Wittlingerova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026090312450371900_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9069","DOI":"10.1021\/es400437q","article-title":"Directional Phytoscreening: Contaminant\nGradients in Trees for Plume Delineation","volume":"47","author":"Limmer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026090312450371900_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4580","DOI":"10.1021\/es035435b","article-title":"Modeling of\nTCE Diffusion to the Atmosphere and Distribution\nin Plant Stems","volume":"38","author":"Ma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090312450371900_cit27","unstructured":"National Primary Drinking\nWater Regulations; U.S. Environmental Protection\nAgency: Washington, DC, 2009."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090312450371900_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3319","DOI":"10.1021\/es2041898","article-title":"Time Weighted\nAverage SPME Analysis for in Planta Determination of cVOCs","volume":"46","author":"Sheehan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090312450371900_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1039\/an9931801501","article-title":"Determination\nof Volatile Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Air and Water with Solid-Phase\nMicroextraction","volume":"118","author":"Chai","year":"1993","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"issue":"14","key":"2026090312450371900_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00062a008","article-title":"Headspace\nsolid-phase microextraction","volume":"65","author":"Zhang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090312450371900_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1021\/es071552l","article-title":"Direct Measurement of VOC Diffusivities\nin Tree Tissues: Impacts on Tree-Based Phytoremediation and Plant\nContamination","volume":"42","author":"Baduru","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"18","key":"2026090312450371900_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6917","DOI":"10.1021\/es101103x","article-title":"Assessment\nof PDMS-Water Partition Coefficients: Implications\nfor Passive Environmental Sampling of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds","volume":"44","author":"DiFilippo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090312450371900_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1021\/ac061880o","article-title":"Determining Chemical Activity of (Semi)volatile Compounds by Headspace\nSolid-Phase Microextraction","volume":"79","author":"Legind","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026090312450371900_cit34","unstructured":"EPA On-line\nTools for Site Assessment Calculation. http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/athens\/learn2model\/part-two\/onsite\/esthenry.html. Accessed August 2014."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090312450371900_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4628(19980103)67:1<165::AID-APP19>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Sorption and Diffusion\nof Volatile Organic Compounds in Polydimethylsiloxane Membranes","volume":"67","author":"Chandak","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"2026090312450371900_cit36","volume-title":"Crop Evapotranspiration - Guidelines\nfor Computing Crop Water Requirements","author":"Allen","year":"1998"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026090312450371900_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2005.11.004","article-title":"Penman-Monteith\nreference evapotranspiration\nadapted to estimate irrigated tree transpiration","volume":"83","author":"Pereira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manage."},{"key":"2026090312450371900_cit38","unstructured":"NWS Weather\nHistory for Rolla, MO - KVIH. http:\/\/www.wunderground.com\/history\/airport\/KVIH. Accessed August 2014."},{"key":"2026090312450371900_cit39","unstructured":"University\nof Missouri Extension Missouri Historical Agricultural Weather Database\n- Cook Station. http:\/\/agebb.missouri.edu\/weather\/history\/index.asp?station_prefix=wur. Accessed Aug 2014."},{"key":"2026090312450371900_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-04931-0","volume-title":"Xylem Structure and\nthe Ascent of Sap","author":"Tyree","year":"2002","edition":"2"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090312450371900_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1021\/es000204f","article-title":"Sorption of Lipophilic Organic Compounds\nto Wood and Implications for Their Environmental Fate","volume":"35","author":"Trapp","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090312450371900_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schumacher, J. G.; Struckhoff, G. C.; Burken, J. G.\n          Assessment\nof Subsurface Chlorinated Solvent Contamination Using Tree Cores at\nthe Front Street Site and a Former Dry Cleaning Facility at the Riverfront\nSuperfund Site, New Haven, Missouri, 1999\u20132003; U.S. Geological Survey: Reston, VA, 2004; USGS Report 2004-5049; p 41.","DOI":"10.3133\/sir20045049"},{"key":"2026090312450371900_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1002\/047127304X.ch20","article-title":"Five-Year Pilot\nStudy: Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","volume-title":"Phytoremediation: Transformation and Control of Contaminants","author":"Hirsh","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026090312450371900_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1002\/047127304X.ch17","article-title":"Fate of Trichloroethylene\nin Terrestrial Plants","volume-title":"Phytoremediation:\nTransformation and Control of Contaminants","author":"Shang","year":"2003"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"2026090312450371900_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1080\/10629360701303693","article-title":"Fruit Tree\nmodel for uptake of organic compounds from soil and air","volume":"18","author":"Trapp","year":"2007","journal-title":"SAR QSAR Environ. Res."},{"key":"2026090312450371900_cit46","volume-title":"The Mathematics of Diffusion","author":"Crank","year":"1975"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090312450371900_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erl014","article-title":"Survival\nstrategies of plants during secondary growth: barrier properties of\nphellems and lenticels towards water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide","volume":"57","author":"Lendzian","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090312450371900_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/16226510490496438","article-title":"Determination of\nthe Relative Uptake of Ground vs. Surface Water by Populus deltoides During Phytoremediation","volume":"6","author":"Clinton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Phytorem."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/es502680p","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/48\/18\/10634\/8020715\/es502680p.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/48\/18\/10634\/8020715\/es502680p.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:45:26Z","timestamp":1788453926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/48\/18\/10634\/782324\/Phytomonitoring-of-Chlorinated-Ethenes-in-Trees-A"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,20]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es502680p","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,20]]}}}