{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:52:34Z","timestamp":1788871954340,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,31]],"date-time":"2014-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":49,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The protective effect of sunscreens has been extensively evaluated in vivo as a measure of erythema induced in human skin and is expressed as Sun Protection Factor (SPF). In vitro alternatives that use human cells might overcome the limitations of testing on human beings. Here is proposed a broad and accurate in vitro approach for evaluating the efficacy of commercial sunscreens even under environmental conditions. This Cell dosimeter allowed the determination of Sun Protection Factor for DNA (DNA-SPF), using specific DNA repair enzymes and antibodies, and Sun Protection Factor for Lethal Damage (LD-SPF), by measuring cell viability and apoptosis induced after the irradiation of human cells. The use of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) cells, which are deficient in DNA repair, rendered this assay more sensitive. The results revealed significant protection against the effects elicited by UVB radiation; however, there was no efficient protection from DNA lesions and cell death induced by UVA radiation or natural sunlight. This work demonstrates the environmental application of this biodosimeter for measuring UV-induced biological damage to human cells and supports the need for better evaluation of the UVA protection efficacy conferred by commercial sunscreens, in terms of induction of DNA lesions and cell death.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/es503721a","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,29]],"date-time":"2014-09-29T12:17:34Z","timestamp":1411993054000},"page":"11584-11590","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Highly\nSensitive Biological Assay for Determining\nthe Photoprotective Efficacy of Sunscreen"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Andre\u0301 P.","family":"Schuch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sa\u0303o Paulo , , Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374 , , 05508-000,","place":["Sa\u0303o Paulo, SP, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Carolina S.","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sa\u0303o Paulo , , Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374 , , 05508-000,","place":["Sa\u0303o Paulo, SP, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teiti","family":"Yagura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sa\u0303o Paulo , , Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374 , , 05508-000,","place":["Sa\u0303o Paulo, SP, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos F. M.","family":"Menck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sa\u0303o Paulo , , Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374 , , 05508-000,","place":["Sa\u0303o Paulo, SP, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026090113410835800_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2010.00834.x","article-title":"Assessment of the photoprotection\nproperties of sunscreens by chromatographic measurement of DNA damage\nin skin explants","volume":"87","author":"Mouret","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090113410835800_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4277","DOI":"10.3390\/s110404277","article-title":"Biological\nsensors for solar ultraviolet radiation","volume":"11","author":"Yagura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors\n(Basel)"},{"key":"2026090113410835800_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1002\/em.21678","article-title":"DNA damage profiles\ninduced by sunlight at different latitudes","volume":"53","author":"Schuch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Mol. Mutagen"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090113410835800_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700988","article-title":"How different\nwavelengths of the ultraviolet spectrum contribute to skin carcinogenesis:\nthe role of cellular damage responses","volume":"127","author":"Runger","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Invest.\nDermatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090113410835800_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1039\/b810085c","article-title":"Development\nof a DNA-dosimeter system for monitoring the effects of solar-ultraviolet\nradiation","volume":"8","author":"Schuch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026090113410835800_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4954","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401141101","article-title":"The basal layer\nin human squamous\ntumors harbors more UVA than UVB fingerprint mutations: a role for\nUVA in human skin carcinogenesis","volume":"101","author":"Agar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl.\nAcad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"38","key":"2026090113410835800_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13538","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504497102","article-title":"UVA radiation is highly mutagenic\nin cells that are unable to repair 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine in Saccharomyces\ncerevisiae","volume":"102","author":"Kozmin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090113410835800_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2010.03.004","article-title":"The genotoxic effects\nof DNA lesions induced by artificial\nUV-radiation and sunlight","volume":"99","author":"Schuch","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol.,\nB"},{"issue":"30","key":"2026090113410835800_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9221","DOI":"10.1021\/bi034593c","article-title":"Bipyrimidine photoproducts\nrather than oxidative lesions are the main type of DNA damage involved\nin the genotoxic effect of solar UVA radiation","volume":"42","author":"Douki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"issue":"37","key":"2026090113410835800_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13765","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604213103","article-title":"Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers are predominant DNA lesions in whole\nhuman skin exposed to UVA radiation","volume":"103","author":"Mouret","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl.\nAcad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090113410835800_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.283","article-title":"UVA1 induces cyclobutane pyrimidine\ndimers but not 6\u20134 photoproducts in human skin in vivo","volume":"132","author":"Tewari","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090113410835800_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1039\/c3pp25408a","article-title":"Wavelength-dependent ultraviolet induction of cyclobutane\npyrimidine dimers in the human cornea","volume":"12","author":"Mallet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photochem.\nPhotobiol. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090113410835800_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-187336","article-title":"Wavelength dependence of ultraviolet\nradiation-induced DNA damage as determined by laser irradiation suggests\nthat cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers are the principal DNA lesions produced\nby terrestrial sunlight","volume":"25","author":"Besaratinia","year":"2011","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"2026090113410835800_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12194","article-title":"Cyclobutane\npyrimidine dimer density as a predictive\nbiomarker of the biological effects of ultraviolet radiation in normal\nhuman fibroblast","author":"Sproul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090113410835800_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2494.2012.00748.x","article-title":"The revised\nCOLIPA in vitro UVA method","volume":"35","author":"Moyal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet.\nSci."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090113410835800_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1039\/c3pp00004d","article-title":"DNA damage as a\nbiological sensor for environmental sunlight","volume":"12","author":"Schuch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090113410835800_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.144","article-title":"A sunscreen\u2019s labeled sun protection factor\nmay overestimate protection at temperate latitudes: a human in vivo\nstudy","volume":"130","author":"Young","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"2026090113410835800_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/377710a0","article-title":"Effects of clouds\nand stratospheric ozone depletion\non ultraviolet radiation trends","volume":"377","author":"Lubin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5470","key":"2026090113410835800_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5470.1407","article-title":"Quantifying\ndenitrification and its\neffect on ozone recovery","volume":"288","author":"Tabazadeh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090113410835800_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/49\/1\/R01","article-title":"Climate change,\nozone depletion and the impact on ultraviolet exposure of human skin","volume":"49","author":"Diffey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090113410835800_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2003.10.017","article-title":"The eukaryotic\nnucleotide excision repair pathway","volume":"85","author":"Costa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"issue":"5446","key":"2026090113410835800_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5446.1897","article-title":"Quality control\nby DNA repair","volume":"286","author":"Lindahl","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090113410835800_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1590\/S1415-47572014000200008","article-title":"DNA repair diseases:\nWhat do they tell us about cancer\nand aging?","volume":"37","author":"Menck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090113410835800_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.13.7.768","article-title":"Molecular\nmechanism of nucleotide excision repair","volume":"13","author":"de Laat","year":"1999","journal-title":"Genes\nDev."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090113410835800_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2003.09.010","article-title":"DNA repair-deficient\ndiseases, xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne syndrome and trichothiodystrophy","volume":"85","author":"Lehmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"issue":"42","key":"2026090113410835800_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6026","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1204754","article-title":"Ultraviolet light-induced DNA damage\ntriggers apoptosis in nucleotide excision repair-deficient cells via\nBcl-2 decline and caspase-3\/-8 activation","volume":"20","author":"Dunkern","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2026090113410835800_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2008.09.001","article-title":"How DNA lesions\nare turned into powerful killing structures: insights from UV-induced\napoptosis","volume":"681","author":"Batista","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090113410835800_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-202x.2001.01580.x","article-title":"Protection\nagainst pyrimidine dimers, p53, and 8-hydroxy-2\u2032-deoxyguanosine\nexpression in ultraviolet-irradiated human skin by sunscreens: difference\nbetween UVB + UVA and UVB alone sunscreens","volume":"117","author":"Liardet","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090113410835800_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s004030000164","article-title":"Protective\neffects of sunscreening agents on photocarcinogenesis, photoaging,\nand DNA damage in XPA gene knockout mice","volume":"292","author":"Horiki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch.\nDermatol. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090113410835800_cit30","first-page":"242","article-title":"The sun protection\nfactor (SPF) inadequately defines broad spectrum photoprotection:\ndemonstration using skin reconstructed in vitro exposed to UVA, UVBor\nUV-solar simulated radiation","volume":"13","author":"Bernerd","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090113410835800_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfq005","article-title":"Octyl methoxycinnamate\nmodulates gene expression and prevents cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer\nformation but not oxidative DNA damage in UV-exposed human cell lines","volume":"114","author":"Duale","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090113410835800_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(99)00091-1","article-title":"Illumination of human keratinocytes in the presence\nof the sunscreen ingredient Padimate-O and through an SPF-15 sunscreen\nreduces direct photodamage to DNA but increases strand breaks","volume":"444","author":"Gulston","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090113410835800_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40344","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040344","article-title":"DNA dosimetry assessment\nfor sunscreen genotoxic photoprotection","volume":"7","author":"Schuch","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS\nOne"},{"key":"2026090113410835800_cit34","first-page":"46","volume-title":"International Sun Protection\nFactor (SPF) Test Method","author":"COLIPA; CTFA-SA; CTFA; JCIA.","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/es503721a","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/48\/19\/11584\/10366266\/es503721a.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/48\/19\/11584\/10366266\/es503721a.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T17:41:17Z","timestamp":1788284477000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/48\/19\/11584\/978496\/Highly-Sensitive-Biological-Assay-for-Determining"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,12]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es503721a","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,12]]}}}