{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:11:52Z","timestamp":1790356312337,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,10]],"date-time":"2014-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,10]],"date-time":"2014-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,10]],"date-time":"2014-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LP100100852"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP100100852"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001773","name":"University of New South Wales","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG114816"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG114816"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001773","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The dechlorination of trichloroethylene (TCE) by aged Fe0 in the presence of a series of divalent cations was investigated with the result that while no significant degradation of TCE was observed in Milli-Q water or in solutions of Ba2+, Sr2+, or Ca2+, very effective TCE removal was observed in solutions containing Mg2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, or Pb2+. The rate constants of TCE removal in the presence of particular cations were positively correlated to the log K representing the affinity of the cations for hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) surface sites though the treatments with Co2+ and Ni2+ were found to provide particularly strong enhancement in TCE degradation rate. The extent of Fe\u00ad(II) release to solution also increased with increase in log K, while the solution pH from both experimental measurement and thermodynamic calculation decreased with increasing log K. While the peak areas of Fe and O XPS spectra of the passivated ZVI in the presence of Ba2+, Sr2+, and Ca2+ were very close to those in Milli-Q water, very significant increases in surface Fe and O (and OH) were observed in solutions of Mg2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+, revealing that the surface oxide layer dissolution is consistent with the recovery of aged Fe0 with respect to TCE degradation. The depassivation process is proposed to involve (i) surface complexation of cations on surface coatings of aged Fe0, (ii) dissolution of the hydrated surface as a consequence of magnetite exposure, and (iii) transport of electrons from underlying Fe0 via magnetite to TCE, resulting in TCE dechlorination and, for some cations (Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Pb2+), reduction to their zero or +1 valence state (with potential for these reduced metals to enhance TCE degradation).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/es503777a","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,10]],"date-time":"2014-11-10T16:10:52Z","timestamp":1415635852000},"page":"14564-14571","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Depassivation\nof Aged Fe0 by Divalent Cations:\nCorrelation between Contaminant Degradation and Surface Complexation\nConstants"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Tongxu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, People\u2019s Republic of China, 510650"]},{"name":"University of New South Wales , , , ,","place":["Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 2052"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales , , , ,","place":["Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 2052"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. David","family":"Waite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales , , , ,","place":["Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 2052"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1021\/es9600901","article-title":"Kinetics\nof halogenated organic compound\ndegradation by iron metal","volume":"30","author":"Johnson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1089\/ees.2000.17.29","article-title":"Inorganic arsenic removal by zero-valent\niron","volume":"17","author":"Lackovic","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1080\/10643380600620387","article-title":"Synthesis, properties and environmental\napplications of nanoscale iron-based materials: A review","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0777418","article-title":"Aging of\niron nanoparticles\nin aqueous solution: Effects on structure and reactivity","volume":"112","author":"Sarathy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8824","DOI":"10.1021\/ja900353f","article-title":"Morphology\nand electronic structure\nof the oxide shell on the surface of iron nanoparticles","volume":"131","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1021\/es902772r","article-title":"Atmospherically\nstable nanoscale zero-valent iron particles formed under controlled\nair Contact: Characteristics and reactivity","volume":"44","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4169","DOI":"10.1021\/es001005z","article-title":"Performance\nevaluation of a zerovalent iron reactive barrier: Mineralogical characteristics","volume":"34","author":"Phillips","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-010-9946-x","article-title":"Recovery of iron\/iron oxide nanoparticles from solution:\ncomparison of methods and their effects","volume":"13","author":"Nurmi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\nNanopart. Res."},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7523","DOI":"10.1021\/es0712625","article-title":"Catalytic\nreduction of chlorobenzenes with Pd\/Fe nanoparticles:\nReactive sites, catalyst stability, particle aging, and regeneration","volume":"41","author":"Zhu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8649","DOI":"10.1021\/es102451t","article-title":"Use of\ndithionite to extend the reactive lifetime of\nnanoscale zero-valent iron treatment systems","volume":"44","author":"Xie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-2011-1071.ch018","article-title":"Reactivity of Zerovalent\nMetals in Aquatic Media: Effects of Organic Surface Coatings","author":"Tratnyek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aquatic Redox Chemistry"},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2011.03.024","article-title":"Pentachlorophenol\nreduction by Pd\/Fe\nbimetallic nanoparticles: Effects of copper, nickel, and ferric cations","volume":"105","author":"Shih","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B: Environ."},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2011.03.024","article-title":"Pentachlorophenol reduction by Pd\/Fe\nbimetallic nanoparticles: Effects of copper, nickel, and ferric cations","volume":"105","author":"Shih","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Catal., B"},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5079","DOI":"10.1021\/es903278e","article-title":"Characterization\nand reactivity of iron nanoparticles prepared with added Cu, Pd, and\nNi","volume":"44","author":"Chun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1089\/ees.2007.24.21","article-title":"Effect of heavy\nmetals on dechlorination\nof carbon tetrachloride by iron nanoparticles","volume":"24","author":"Lien","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5140","DOI":"10.1021\/cm020737i","article-title":"Hydrodechlorination\nof trichloroethylene to hydrocarbons using bimetallic nickel-iron\nnanoparticles","volume":"14","author":"Schrick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7350","DOI":"10.1021\/es400362w","article-title":"Depassivation of\naged Fe0 by inorganic salts: Implications to contaminant\ndegradation in seawater","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13712","DOI":"10.1021\/es403709v","article-title":"Depassivation\nof aged Fe0 by ferrous ions: Implications to contaminant\ndegradation","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(03)00512-5","article-title":"Laboratory evaluation\nof zero-valent iron to treat\nwater impacted by acid mine drainage","volume":"53","author":"Wilkin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2013.07.009","article-title":"Hybrid zero-valent\niron process for removing heavy metals and nitrate from flue-gas-desulfurization\nwastewater","volume":"118","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2005.12.038","article-title":"Effect of metal ions\nand humic acid on the dechlorination of tetrachloroethylene\nby zerovalent iron","volume":"64","author":"Doong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1002\/clen.201000477","article-title":"Removal of copper,\nnickel, and zinc ions from electroplating rinse water","volume":"40","author":"Revathi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clean \u2013 Soil, Air, Water"},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2014.01.059","article-title":"Promotion effect of\nMn2+ and Co2+ on selenate reduction by zero-valent\niron","volume":"244","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4638","DOI":"10.1021\/la060057k","article-title":"Iron nanoparticles: The core-shell\nstructure and unique\nproperties for Ni\u00ad(II) sequestration","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit25","first-page":"489","volume-title":"Aquatic\nChemistry,\nChemical Equilibria and Rates in Natural Waters","author":"Stumm","year":"1996","edition":"Third"},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7688","DOI":"10.1021\/la025798+","article-title":"Evidence for localization of reaction upon reduction\nof carbon tetrachloride by granular iron","volume":"18","author":"Gaspar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit27","first-page":"301","article-title":"The role of\noxides in reduction reactions at the metal-water interface. In Mineral\u2013Water\nInterfacial Reactions: Kinetics and Mechanisms","author":"Scherer","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B512","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1778167","article-title":"Influence\nof metal ions on the transformation of \u03b3-FeOOH into \u03b1-FeOOH","volume":"151","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.10.068","article-title":"Dechlorination of hexachlorobenzene\nusing lead-iron bimetallic particles","volume":"90","author":"Nie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.1021\/es9911420","article-title":"Remediation of Cr\u00ad(VI) and Pb\u00ad(II)\naqueous solutions using supported, nanoscale zero-valent iron","volume":"34","author":"Niu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6939","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0702189","article-title":"Sequestration\nof metal cations with zerovalent iron\nnanoparticles\ue5f8A study with high resolution X-ray photoelectron\nspectroscopy (HR-XPS)","volume":"111","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195423","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.68.195423","article-title":"Size-dependent oxidation\nin iron\/iron oxide core-shell\nnanoparticles","volume":"68","author":"Signorini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1021\/es049190u","article-title":"Characterization and properties of\nmetallic iron nanoparticles: spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and kinetics","volume":"39","author":"Nurmi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2011.08.006","article-title":"In situ high temperature X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of\nbarium strontium iron cobalt oxide","volume":"382","author":"Norman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Membr.\nSci."},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8941","DOI":"10.1021\/jp049840g","article-title":"Characterization\nof Ca\ue5f8Bi\ue5f8Mo\noxide catalyst for selective propane ammoxidation, using XRD, XPS,\nTPRX\/TPRO, and IR\/Raman","volume":"108","author":"Woo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4191","DOI":"10.1039\/b801679h","article-title":"Dechlorination of chloroethylenes\nby cob\u00ad(I)\u00adalamin and\ncobalamin model complexes","author":"Kliegman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1021\/es034428k","article-title":"Synergistic effect of copper ion\non the reductive dechlorination\nof carbon tetrachloride by surface-bound Fe\u00ad(II) associated with goethite","volume":"38","author":"Maithreepala","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2010.10.051","article-title":"Resolving surface chemical states in XPS analysis of\nfirst row transition metals, oxides and hydroxides: Cr, Mn, Fe, Co\nand Ni","volume":"257","author":"Biesinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(86)90244-9","article-title":"The coordination chemistry\nof weathering:\nII. Dissolution of Fe\u00ad(III) oxides","volume":"50","author":"Zinder","year":"1986","journal-title":"Geochim.\nCosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6676","DOI":"10.1021\/es0493906","article-title":"Reductive dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride in\naqueous solutions containing ferrous and copper ions","volume":"38","author":"Maithreepala","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081502084227400_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4082","DOI":"10.1021\/es048428b","article-title":"Enhanced dechlorination of chlorinated methanes and\nethenes by chloride green rust in the presence of copper\u00ad(II)","volume":"39","author":"Maithreepala","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/es503777a","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/48\/24\/14564\/7994450\/es503777a.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/48\/24\/14564\/7994450\/es503777a.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T13:31:18Z","timestamp":1786800678000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/48\/24\/14564\/781078\/Depassivation-of-Aged-Fe0-by-Divalent-Cations"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,10]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es503777a","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,10]]}}}