{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T02:49:39Z","timestamp":1788058179038,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,17]],"date-time":"2014-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416182400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,17]],"date-time":"2014-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416182400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,17]],"date-time":"2014-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416182400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014CB441301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014CB441301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41222036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41222036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41328008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41328008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71322304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71322304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Centre for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Two important reasons for China\u2019s air pollution are the high emission factors (emission per unit of product) of pollution sources and the high emission intensity (emissions per unit of GDP) of the industrial structure. Therefore, a wide variety of policy measures, including both emission abatement technologies and economic adjustment, must be implemented. To support such measures, this study used the production- and consumption-based emissions accounting approaches to simulate the SO2, NOx, PM2.5, and VOC emissions flows among producers and consumers. This study analyzed the emissions and GDP performance of 36 production sectors. The results showed that the equipment, machinery, and devices manufacturing and construction sectors contributed more than 50% of air pollutant emissions, and most of their products were used for capital formation and export. The service sector had the lowest emission intensities, and its output was mainly consumed by households and the government. In China, the emission intensities of production activities triggered by capital formation and export were approximately twice that of the service sector triggered by final consumption expenditure. This study suggests that China should control air pollution using the following strategies: applying end-of-pipe abatement technologies and using cleaner fuels to further decrease the emission factors associated with rural cooking, electricity generation, and the transportation sector; continuing to limit highly emission-intensive but low value-added exports; developing a plan to reduce construction activities; and increasing the proportion of service GDP in the national economy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/es503959t","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,17]],"date-time":"2014-11-17T14:33:05Z","timestamp":1416234785000},"page":"14139-14147","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":129,"title":["Examining\nAir Pollution in China Using Production-\nAnd Consumption-Based Emissions Accounting Approaches"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Huo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, People\u2019s Republic of China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, People\u2019s Republic of China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dabo","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, People\u2019s Republic of China, 100084"]},{"name":"University of East Anglia , , , ,","place":["Norwich, United Kingdom, NR4 7TJ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, People\u2019s Republic of China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, People\u2019s Republic of China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kebin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University , , ,","place":["Beijing, People\u2019s Republic of China, 100084"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit1","unstructured":"Ministry of Environmental\nProtection\n          . 2013 Report on The\nState of the Environment of China. 2014. http:\/\/www.mep.gov.cn\/zhxx\/tpxw\/201406\/P020140604597469704833.pdf (accessed July 2014)."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/484161a","article-title":"Cleaning China\u2019s air","volume":"484","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit3","unstructured":"Tsinghua University\n          . MEIC (Multi-resolution Emission Inventory\nfor China. 2013. http:\/\/www.meicmodel.org\/ (accessed June 2014)."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit4","unstructured":"China\u2019s State Council\n          . Action Plan for Air Pollution\nPrevention and Control. 2013. http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zwgk\/2013-09\/12\/content_2486773.htm (accessed April 2014)."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(02)01002-6","article-title":"Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol\nin Pearl River Delta Region, China during 2001 winter period","volume":"37","author":"Cao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00343-X","article-title":"Chemical\ncharacteristics of aerosols at coastal station in Hong Kong. I. Seasonal\nvariation of major ions, halogens and mineral dusts between 1995 and\n1996","volume":"34","author":"Cheng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-005-9034-3","article-title":"Chemical Composition\nand Sources\nof PM10 and PM2.5 Aerosols in Guangzhou, China","volume":"119","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3820(03)00174-7","article-title":"Status of\ntrace element emission in a coal combustion process: A review","volume":"85","author":"Xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4631","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-4631-2013","article-title":"Characteristics of\nconcentrations and chemical compositions for PM2.5 in the\nregion of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, China","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.10.039","article-title":"Source apportionment\nof PM2.5 in Beijing by positive matrix factorization","volume":"40","author":"Song","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2005.03.001","article-title":"Concentration and chemical characteristics\nof PM2.5 in Beijing, China: 2001\u20132002","volume":"355","author":"Duan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4959","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(01)00301-6","article-title":"The characteristics\nof PM2.5 in Beijing, China","volume":"35","author":"He","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atmos.\nEnviron."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.12.039","article-title":"Annual variation of particulate organic\ncompounds in PM2.5 in the urban atmosphere of Beijing","volume":"40","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.09.003","article-title":"Air pollution in mega cities in China","volume":"42","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos.\nEnviron."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2008.06.023","article-title":"A first empirical\ncomparison of energy Footprints embodied in trade\ue5f8MRIO versus\nPLUM","volume":"68","author":"Wiedmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2009.08.026","article-title":"A review of\nrecent multi-region input-output models used for consumption-based\nemission and resource accounting","volume":"69","author":"Wiedmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2006.12.003","article-title":"Examining\nthe global environmental impact of regional consumption activities\n-- Part 2: Review of input-output models for the assessment of environmental\nimpacts embodied in trade","volume":"61","author":"Thomas\nWiedmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/09535310903541298","article-title":"Input-output analysis\nand carbon footprinting: An overview of applications","volume":"21","author":"Minx","year":"2009","journal-title":"Econ. Syst. Res."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2007.10.014","article-title":"From production-based\nto consumption-based national emission inventories","volume":"65","author":"Peters","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2010.05.004","article-title":"Carbon\nfootprints and embodied carbon at multiple scales","volume":"2","author":"Peters","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustainability"},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/2\/024010","article-title":"The socioeconomic drivers of China\u2019s\nprimary PM2:5 emissions","author":"Guan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ.\nRes. Lett."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.04.028","article-title":"Production-based emissions,\nconsumption-based\nemissions and consumption-based health impacts of PM2.5 carbonaceous aerosols in Asia","volume":"97","author":"Takahashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3234","DOI":"10.1021\/es303728d","article-title":"Socioeconomic drivers\nof mercury emissions in China from 1992 to 2007","volume":"47","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1312860111","article-title":"China\u2019s international\ntrade and air pollution in the United States","volume":"111","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5131","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-5131-2009","article-title":"Asian emissions in 2006 for the NASA\nINTEX-B mission","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit26","first-page":"931","article-title":"Primary anthropogenic\naerosol emission trends for China, 1990\u20132005 Atmos","volume":"11","author":"Lei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4429","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-4429-2012","article-title":"Growth in\nNOx emissions from power plants in China: Bottom-up estimates\nand satellite observations","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9787","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-9787-2014","article-title":"High-resolution\nmapping of vehicle emissions in China\nin 2008","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5617","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-5617-2014","article-title":"Mapping Asian anthropogenic emissions\nof non-methane\nvolatile organic compounds to multiple chemical mechanisms","volume":"14","author":"Li","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit30","volume-title":"Input\u2013Output Economics","author":"Leontief","year":"1986","edition":"2"},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511626982","volume-title":"Input\u2013Output\nAnalysis: Foundations and Extensions","author":"Miller","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit32","volume-title":"Input-Output Analysis:\nFoundations and Extensions","author":"Miller","year":"1985"},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit33","unstructured":"Chinese Input-Output Association\n          . Input-Output\nTables of\nChina. 2010. http:\/\/www.iochina.org.cn\/Download\/xgxz.html (accessed March 2014)."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit34","volume-title":"Handbook of Input-Output Table Compilation\nand Analysis","author":"United Nations","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2008.06.009","article-title":"The contribution of\nChinese exports to climate change","volume":"36","author":"Weber","year":"2008","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5939","DOI":"10.1021\/es070108f","article-title":"China\u2019s growing\nCO2 emissions\ue5f8A race between lifestyle changes and\nefficiency gains","volume":"41","author":"Peters","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2008.08.001","article-title":"The drivers\nof Chinese CO2 emissions from 1980 to 2030","volume":"18","author":"Guan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Global Environ. Change"},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-011-9993-3","article-title":"Low Carbon Development in the least developed region:\nA case study of Guangyuan, Sichuan province, southwest China","volume":"62","author":"Guan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9144","DOI":"10.1021\/es201497m","article-title":"A carbonizing dragon: China\u2019s fast growing CO2 emissions revisited","volume":"45","author":"Minx","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081502071816400_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L04709","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL036540","article-title":"Journey to world top\nemitter: An analysis of the driving forces of China\u2019s recent\nCO2 emissions surge","volume":"36","author":"Guan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res.\nLett."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit41","volume-title":"China Statistical Yearbook 2013","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/462159b","article-title":"Emissions affected by trade among developing countries","volume":"462","author":"Guan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D22306","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD008684","article-title":"NOx emission\ntrends for China, 1995\u20132004: The\nview from the ground and the view from space","volume":"112","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6311","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-6311-2010","article-title":"Sulfur dioxide emissions in China and sulfur trends in East Asia\nsince 2000","volume":"10","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-487-2013","article-title":"The effects\nof recent control policies\non trends in emissions of anthropogenic atmospheric pollutants and\nCO2 in China","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit46","volume-title":"China Energy Statistical Yearbook 2011","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit47","author":"OECD","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.08.041","article-title":"China\u2019s coke\nindustry: Recent policies, technology shift,and implication for energy\nand the environment","volume":"51","author":"Huo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit49","unstructured":"United\nNations Economic Commission for Europe. Share of construction in GDP,\n%, year 2010. 2014. http:\/\/w3.unece.org\/pxweb\/quickstatistics\/readtable.asp?qs_id=8 (accessed October 2014)."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit50","unstructured":"U.S. Bureau of\nEconomic Analysis\n          . Gross-Domestic-Product-(GDP)-by-Industry\nData. 2014. http:\/\/www.bea.gov\/industry\/gdpbyind_data.htm (accessed October 2014)."},{"key":"2026081502071816400_cit51","first-page":"649","article-title":"Growth and\nslowdown in advanced capitalist economies: Techniques of quantitative\nassessment","volume":"25","author":"Maddison","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Econ. Lit."}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/es503959t","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/48\/24\/14139\/7994900\/es503959t.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/48\/24\/14139\/7994900\/es503959t.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T13:29:58Z","timestamp":1786800598000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/48\/24\/14139\/781113\/Examining-Air-Pollution-in-China-Using-Production"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,17]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es503959t","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,17]]}}}