{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:54:35Z","timestamp":1788872075234,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,6]],"date-time":"2015-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000146","name":"Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1424627"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1424627"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000146","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>During January 2014, an industrial solvent contaminated West Virginia\u2019s Elk River and 15% of the state population\u2019s tap water. A rapid in-home survey and water testing was conducted 2 weeks following the spill to understand resident perceptions, tap water chemical levels, and premise plumbing flushing effectiveness. Water odors were detected in all 10 homes sampled before and after premise plumbing flushing. Survey and medical data indicated flushing caused adverse health impacts. Bench-scale experiments and physiochemical property predictions showed flushing promoted chemical volatilization, and contaminants did not appreciably sorb into cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) pipe. Flushing reduced tap water 4-methylcyclohexanemethanol (4-MCHM) concentrations within some but not all homes. 4-MCHM was detected at unflushed (&amp;lt;10 to 420 \u03bcg\/L) and flushed plumbing systems (&amp;lt;10 to 96 \u03bcg\/L) and sometimes concentrations differed among faucets within each home. All waters contained less 4-MCHM than the 1000 \u03bcg\/L Centers for Disease Control drinking water limit, but one home exceeded the 120 \u03bcg\/L drinking water limit established by independent toxicologists. Nearly all households refused to resume water use activities after flushing because of water safety concerns. Science based flushing protocols should be developed to expedite recovery, minimize health impacts, and reduce concentrations in homes when future events occur.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/es5040969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,16]],"date-time":"2014-12-16T12:47:44Z","timestamp":1418734064000},"page":"813-823","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["Residential\nTap Water Contamination Following the\nFreedom Industries Chemical Spill: Perceptions, Water Quality, and\nHealth Impacts"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Whelton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University , , , ,","place":["West Lafayette, Indiana, United States, 47907"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LaKia","family":"McMillan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Alabama , , , ,","place":["Mobile, Alabama, United States, 36688"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Alabama , , , ,","place":["Mobile, Alabama, United States, 36688"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keven M.","family":"Kelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Alabama , , , ,","place":["Mobile, Alabama, United States, 36688"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff P.","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Alabama , , , ,","place":["Mobile, Alabama, United States, 36688"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin D.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Alabama , , , ,","place":["Mobile, Alabama, United States, 36688"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kanawha Charleston Health Department , , ,","place":["Charleston, West Virginia, United States, 25301"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajarshi","family":"Dey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Alabama , , , ,","place":["Mobile, Alabama, United States, 36688"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Novy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Alabama , , , ,","place":["Mobile, Alabama, United States, 36688"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090312452777400_cit1","unstructured":"Rosen, J.; Whelton, A. J.; McGuire, M. J.; Clancy, J. L.; Bartrand, T.; Eaton, A.; Patterson, J.; Dourson, M.; Nance, P.; Adams, C.\n          WV TAP FINAL REPORT; West Virginia\nTesting Assessment Project: Charleston,\nWV USA, July, 2014. Accessible at http:\/\/www.wvtapprogram.com."},{"key":"2026090312452777400_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.5942\/jawwa.2014.106.0091","article-title":"An Unwanted Licorice\nOdor in a West Virginia Water Supply","author":"McGuire","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am.\nWater Works Assoc."},{"key":"2026090312452777400_cit3","unstructured":"McIntyre, J. L.\n          \n          Direct Testimony of\nJeffrey L. McIntyre. Public Service Commisson of West Virginia, Charleston;\nCASE NO. 14\u20130872-W-GI; General Investigation Pursuant to W.Va.\nCODE 24\u20132-7 into the Actions of WVAWC in Reacting to the January\n9, 2014 Chemical Spill. Submitted by Jackson Kelly, PLLC, 46 pp. July 2, 2014."},{"key":"2026090312452777400_cit4","volume-title":"Literature\nReview: Health\nEffects for Chemicals in 2014 West Virginia Chemical Release: Crude\nMCHM Compounds, PPH and DiPPH","author":"Adams","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026090312452777400_cit5","volume-title":"Governor\nTomblin Declares State of Emergency for Nine Counties","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026090312452777400_cit6","unstructured":"Summary\nReports of Short-Term Screening Level Calculation and Analysis of\nAvailable Animal Studies for MCHM, PPH, and DiPPH. US Centers for\nDisease Control and Prevention (CDC). Atlanta, GA USA, January 20, 2014. Accessible at http:\/\/www.bt.cdc.gov\/chemical\/MCHM\/westvirginia2014\/pdf\/MCHM-Summary-Report.pdf.and http:\/\/www.bt.cdc.gov\/chemical\/MCHM\/westvirginia2014\/pdf\/DiPPH-PPH-calculation.pdf."},{"key":"2026090312452777400_cit7","unstructured":"Toxicological\nExcellence in Risk Assessment (TERA).  Report of Expert Panel\nReview of Screening Levels for Exposure to Chemicals from the January\n2014 Elk River Spill; West Virginia Testing\nAssessment Project: Charleston, WV, March 2014. Accessible at http:\/\/www.wvtapprogram.com."},{"key":"2026090312452777400_cit8","unstructured":"West Virginia American Water (WVAW).\n          \n          How to Flush\nyour Plumbing System and How to Flush Plumbing Faucets and Appliances; Charleston, WV, January 2014. Accessible at http:\/\/www.amwater.com\/files\/WV%20-%20How%20to%20flush.pdf."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090312452777400_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E445","DOI":"10.5942\/jawwa.2014.106.0129","article-title":"Consumer panel\nestimates of odor\nthresholds for crude 4-methylcyclohexanemethanol","volume":"106","author":"McGuire","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of the American Water Works Association"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090312452777400_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000147","article-title":"Contaminant diffusion, solubility, and material\nproperty differences\nbetween HDPE and PEX potable water pipes","volume":"136","author":"Whelton","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"2026090312452777400_cit11","volume-title":"SPARC"},{"key":"2026090312452777400_cit12","volume-title":"COSMOS-RS"},{"key":"2026090312452777400_cit13","volume-title":"Minitab\n14 Student"},{"key":"2026090312452777400_cit14","unstructured":"State & County QuickFacts January 6, 2014. US Department of Commerce (DOC), Census Bureau: Washington, D.C. USA. Accessible\nat http:\/\/quickfacts.census.gov\/qfd\/states\/54000.html."},{"key":"2026090312452777400_cit15","volume-title":"Freedom Industries Investigation Update","author":"U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board.","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026090312452777400_cit16","unstructured":"Whelton, A. J.; Rosen, J. S.; Clancy, J. L.; Clancy, T. P.; Ergul, A.\n          \n            The Crude MCHM Chemical Spill 10-Home Study: Resident Behaviors, Perceptions, and Residence Characteristics\n          ; West Virginia Testing Assessment Project: Charleston, WV USA, May 2014. 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US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\n(CDC) Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry (ATSDR) and West\nVirginia Bureau of Public Health (BPH): Charleston,\nWV, April 2014. Accessible at http:\/\/www.wvdhhr.org\/Elk%20River%20Chemical%20Spill%20Health%20Effects%20-%20Findings%20of%20Emergency%20Department%20Record%20Review.pdf."},{"key":"2026090312452777400_cit20","volume-title":"Elk River Chemical Spill Medical Data","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026090312452777400_cit21","volume-title":"WV Poison Center Response Roles and Responsibilities","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026090312452777400_cit22","unstructured":"McGuire, M. J.\n          \n          Oxidation Studies\nwith Crude 4-methylcyclohexanemethanol in Water; West Virginia Testing Assessment Project: Charleston, WV, April 2014. Accessible\nat http:\/\/www.wvtapprogram.com."},{"key":"2026090312452777400_cit23","unstructured":"Pilot-Scale\nTests and Systems Evaluation for the Containment, Treatment, and Decontamination\nof Selected Materials from T&E Building Pipe Loop Equipment, EPA\/600\/R-08\/016.\nPrepared by: Shaw Environmental, Inc. for US EPA: Cincinnati, OH USA, 2008."},{"key":"2026090312452777400_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1993.0261","article-title":"Coagulation\nin Drinking Water Treatment: Particles, Organics, and Coagulants","volume":"27","author":"Edzwald","year":"1993","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090312452777400_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2001.46.1.0038","article-title":"Spectrofluorometric characterization of dissolved organic\nmatter for indication of precursor organic material and aromaticity","author":"McKnight","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"2026090312452777400_cit26","volume-title":"Consumer Confidence Report","author":"WVAW.","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026090312452777400_cit27","unstructured":"Nguyen, C. K.\n          \n          Interactions\nBetween Copper and Chlorine Disinfectants: Chlorine Decay, Chloramine\nDecay and Copper Pitting. Thesis.  Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Virginia Tech: Blacksburg, VA, August 2005."},{"key":"2026090312452777400_cit28","article-title":"The Crude MCHM Chemical Spill 10-Home Study: Tap Water Chemical Analysis","author":"Whelton","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026090312452777400_cit29","volume-title":"Lead and Copper Corrosion\nControl in New\nConstruction, Project #4164","author":"Edwards","year":"2011"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090312452777400_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6836","DOI":"10.1021\/es501342j","article-title":"Profile Sampling to Characterize Particulate Lead Risks in Potable\nWater","volume":"48","author":"Clark","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090312452777400_cit31","volume-title":"Standard Operating Procedures\nfor Decontamination\nof Distribution Systems","author":"Welter","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026090312452777400_cit32","unstructured":"Removing\nBiological and Chemical Contamination from a Building\u2019s Plumbing\nSystem: Method Development and Testing, EPA 600\/R-12\/032.US EPA: Washington, DC, USA, May 2012."},{"key":"2026090312452777400_cit33","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026090312452777400_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.01.025","article-title":"Decontamination of chemical agents from drinking water infrastructure:\na literature review and summary","volume":"72","author":"Szabo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ.\nInt."},{"key":"2026090312452777400_cit35","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/es5040969","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/49\/2\/813\/13018734\/es5040969.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/49\/2\/813\/13018734\/es5040969.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:45:41Z","timestamp":1788453941000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/49\/2\/813\/1308909\/Residential-Tap-Water-Contamination-Following-the"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,16]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es5040969","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,16]]}}}