{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:16:14Z","timestamp":1790716574464,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,15]],"date-time":"2015-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1421280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":73,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000082","name":"Division of Graduate Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE1255832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE1255832"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000082","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004052","name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KUS-I1-003-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KUS-I1-003-13"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The amount of salinity-gradient energy that can be obtained through capacitive mixing based on double layer expansion depends on the extent the electric double layer (EDL) is altered in a low salt concentration (LC) electrolyte (e.g., river water). We show that the electrode-rise potential, which is a measure of the EDL perturbation process, was significantly (P = 10\u20135) correlated to the concentration of strong acid surface functional groups using five types of activated carbon. Electrodes with the lowest concentration of strong acids (0.05 mmol g\u20131) had a positive rise potential of 59 \u00b1 4 mV in the LC solution, whereas the carbon with the highest concentration (0.36 mmol g\u20131) had a negative rise potential (\u221231 \u00b1 5 mV). Chemical oxidation of a carbon (YP50) using nitric acid decreased the electrode rise potential from 46 \u00b1 2 mV (unaltered) to \u22126 \u00b1 0.5 mV (oxidized), producing a whole cell potential (53 \u00b1 1.7 mV) that was 4.4 times larger than that obtained with identical electrode materials (from 12 \u00b1 1 mV). Changes in the EDL were linked to the behavior of specific ions in a LC solution using molecular dynamics and metadynamics simulations. The EDL expanded in the LC solution when a carbon surface (pristine graphene) lacked strong acid functional groups, producing a positive-rise potential at the electrode. In contrast, the EDL was compressed for an oxidized surface (graphene oxide), producing a negative-rise electrode potential. These results established the linkage between rise potentials and specific surface functional groups (strong acids) and demonstrated on a molecular scale changes in the EDL using oxidized or pristine carbons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/es5043782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,3]],"date-time":"2014-11-03T10:26:42Z","timestamp":1415010402000},"page":"14041-14048","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Effect\nof Strong Acid Functional Groups on Electrode\nRise Potential in Capacitive Mixing by Double Layer Expansion"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Marta C.","family":"Hatzell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University , , , , ,","place":["University Park, Pennsylvania, United States, 16802"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muralikrishna","family":"Raju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University , , , , ,","place":["University Park, Pennsylvania, United States, 16802"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie J.","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University , , , , ,","place":["University Park, Pennsylvania, United States, 16802"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew G.","family":"Stack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory , , , ,","place":["Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States, 37831"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adri C. T.","family":"van Duin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University , , , , ,","place":["University Park, Pennsylvania, United States, 16802"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce E.","family":"Logan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University , , , , ,","place":["University Park, Pennsylvania, United States, 16802"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2026090120295793300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4423","DOI":"10.1039\/c1ee01913a","article-title":"Membrane-based\nproduction of salinity-gradient\npower","volume":"4","author":"Ramon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"4227","key":"2026090120295793300_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1126\/science.191.4227.557","article-title":"Electric power from\ndifferences in salinity: the dialytic\nbattery","volume":"191","author":"Weinstein","year":"1976","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090120295793300_cit3","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.statkraft.com\/ (January 20, 2014)."},{"key":"2026090120295793300_cit4","unstructured":"RED stack.\n          \n          http:\/\/www.redstack.nl\/ (accessed\nMay 21, 2014)."},{"issue":"0","key":"2026090120295793300_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(00)82257-7","article-title":"Production\nof energy from concentrated brines by pressure-retarded osmosis: I.\nPreliminary technical and economic correlations","volume":"1","author":"Loeb","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"issue":"0","key":"2026090120295793300_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(00)82271-1","article-title":"Production of energy from concentrated\nbrines by pressure-retarded osmosis: II. Experimental results and\nprojected energy costs","volume":"1","author":"Loeb","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090120295793300_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2010.10.071","article-title":"Reverse electrodialysis:\nA validated process model for design and optimization","volume":"166","author":"Veerman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090120295793300_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1007\/s10800-010-0124-8","article-title":"Reverse electrodialysis:\nevaluation of suitable electrode systems","volume":"40","author":"Veerman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\nAppl. Electrochem."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026090120295793300_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2009.05.047","article-title":"Reverse\nelectrodialysis: Comparison of six commercial membrane pairs on the\nthermodynamic efficiency and power density","volume":"343","author":"Veerman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026090120295793300_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2008.11.015","article-title":"Reverse electrodialysis:\nPerformance of a stack with 50 cells on the mixing of sea and river\nwater","volume":"327","author":"Veerman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2026090120295793300_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2006.11.018","article-title":"Salinity-gradient\npower: Evaluation\nof pressure-retarded osmosis and reverse electrodialysis","volume":"288","author":"Post","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"2026090120295793300_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2013.06.019","article-title":"Evaluation of flow\nfields on bubble removal and system\nperformance in an ammonium bicarbonate reverse electrodialysis stack","volume":"446","author":"Hatzell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090120295793300_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1039\/C3CP54351J","article-title":"Comparison\nof hydrogen production and electrical power generation for energy\ncapture in closed-loop ammonium bicarbonate reverse electrodialysis\nsystems","volume":"16","author":"Hatzell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026090120295793300_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2013.06.050","article-title":"Capacitive\nmixing for the extraction of energy from salinity differences: Survey\nof experimental results and electrochemical models","volume":"407","author":"Brogioli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090120295793300_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9870","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ee23036d","article-title":"Exploiting the spontaneous potential\nof the electrodes used in the capacitive mixing technique for the\nextraction of energy from salinity difference","volume":"5","author":"Brogioli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090120295793300_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1039\/c0ee00524j","article-title":"A prototype cell for extracting energy\nfrom a water salinity difference by means of double layer expansion\nin nanoporous carbon electrodes","volume":"4","author":"Brogioli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Environ.\nSci."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090120295793300_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"058501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.103.058501","article-title":"Extracting\nrenewable energy from a salinity difference using a capacitor","volume":"103","author":"Brogioli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"issue":"32","key":"2026090120295793300_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16934","DOI":"10.1021\/jp3059849","article-title":"Ions transport\nand adsorption mechanisms in porous electrodes during capacitive-mixing\ndouble layer expansion (CDLE)","volume":"116","author":"Rica","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem.\nC"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026090120295793300_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156103","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.109.156103","article-title":"Thermodynamic relation between voltage-concentration\ndependence and salt adsorption in electrochemical cells","volume":"109","author":"Rica","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. 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Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090120295793300_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2008.12.018","article-title":"Thermodynamic\ncycle analysis for capacitive deionization","volume":"332","author":"Biesheuvel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090120295793300_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2010.02.012","article-title":"Capacitive deionization as an electrochemical\nmeans of saving energy and delivering clean water. Comparison to present\ndesalination practices: Will it compete?","volume":"55","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electrochim.\nActa"},{"key":"2026090120295793300_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2014.03.003","article-title":"Capacitive deionization concept based on suspension electrodes without\nion exchange membranes","volume":"43","author":"Hatzell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090120295793300_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9511","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ee21498a","article-title":"Capacitive\ndesalination with flow-through electrodes","volume":"5","author":"Suss","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy\nEnviron. Sci."},{"issue":"14","key":"2026090120295793300_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5661","DOI":"10.1021\/es100852a","article-title":", Direct power production from a water salinity difference\nin a membrane-modified supercapacitor flow cell","volume":"44","author":"Sales","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090120295793300_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1039\/C3EE43823F","article-title":"Capacitive mixing power\nproduction\nfrom salinity gradient energy enhanced through exoelectrogen-generated\nionic currents","volume":"7","author":"Hatzell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"2026090120295793300_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6704","DOI":"10.1021\/es401722j","article-title":"Influence of chemical\nand physical\nproperties of activated carbon powders on oxygen reduction and microbial\nfuel cell performance","volume":"47","author":"Watson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090120295793300_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.1056","article-title":"Chemistry\nwith ADF","volume":"22","author":"te Velde","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"issue":"41","key":"2026090120295793300_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9396","DOI":"10.1021\/jp004368u","article-title":"ReaxFF:\nA reactive force field for hydrocarbons","volume":"105","author":"van Duin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J.\nPhys. Chem. 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B"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090120295793300_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3556","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9090415","article-title":"Development\nof a ReaxFF reactive\nforce field for aqueous chloride and copper chloride","volume":"114","author":"Rahaman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090120295793300_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpc.2009.05.011","article-title":"PLUMED: A\nportable plugin for free-energy calculations with molecular dynamics","volume":"180","author":"Bonomi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Phys. Commun."},{"key":"2026090120295793300_cit37","volume-title":"Surface Complexation\nModeling","author":"Goldberg","year":"2013"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090120295793300_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-6223(90)90069-B","article-title":"Effect of HNO3 treatment on the surface\nacidity of activated carbons","volume":"28","author":"Noh","year":"1990","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090120295793300_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200801236","article-title":"Combined effect\nof nitrogen-and oxygen-containing functional groups of microporous\nactivated carbon on its electrochemical performance in supercapacitors","volume":"19","author":"Hulicova-Jurcakova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090120295793300_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4903","DOI":"10.1021\/jp210252g","article-title":"A computationally\nefficient treatment of polarizable electrochemical cells held at a\nconstant potential","volume":"116","author":"Petersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/es5043782","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/48\/23\/14041\/17744599\/es5043782.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article-pdf\/48\/23\/14041\/17744599\/es5043782.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:30:10Z","timestamp":1788309010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/esthag\/article\/48\/23\/14041\/831387\/Effect-of-Strong-Acid-Functional-Groups-on"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,3]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es5043782","relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-936X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,3]]}}}