{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:10:27Z","timestamp":1792789827150,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,16]],"date-time":"2015-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1429142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":43,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_ccby_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004378","name":"Shell","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004378","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004251","name":"Qatar Petroleum","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004251","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Qatar Science & Technology Park","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Quantifying CO2 transport and average effective reaction rates in the subsurface is essential to assess the risks associated with underground carbon capture and storage. We use X-ray microtomography to investigate dynamic pore structure evolution in situ at temperatures and pressures representative of underground reservoirs and aquifers. A 4 mm diameter Ketton carbonate core is injected with CO2-saturated brine at 50 \u00b0C and 10 MPa while tomographic images are taken at 15 min intervals with a 3.8 \u03bcm spatial resolution over a period of 21\/2 h. An approximate doubling of porosity with only a 3.6% increase in surface area to volume ratio is measured from the images. Pore-scale direct simulation and network modeling on the images quantify an order of magnitude increase in permeability and an appreciable alteration of the velocity field. We study the uniform reaction regime, with dissolution throughout the core. However, at the pore scale, we see variations in the degree of dissolution with an overall reaction rate which is approximately 14 times lower than estimated from batch measurements. This work implies that in heterogeneous rocks, pore-scale transport of reactants limits dissolution and can reduce the average effective reaction rate by an order of magnitude.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/es505789f","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,4]],"date-time":"2015-03-04T10:54:23Z","timestamp":1425466463000},"page":"4407-4414","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":213,"title":["Dynamic\nThree-Dimensional Pore-Scale Imaging of Reaction\nin a Carbonate at Reservoir Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Hannah P.","family":"Menke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London , , ,","place":["London, U.K., SW7 2AZ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Branko","family":"Bijeljic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London , , ,","place":["London, U.K., SW7 2AZ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew G.","family":"Andrew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London , , ,","place":["London, U.K., SW7 2AZ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin J.","family":"Blunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London , , ,","place":["London, U.K., SW7 2AZ"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2026090113414841900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3123","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(90)90128-8","article-title":"Calculation of simultaneous\nisotopic and trace-element\nvariations during water-rock interaction with applications to carbonate\ndiagenesis","volume":"54","author":"Banner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Geochim. 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Change"},{"key":"2026090113414841900_cit5","volume-title":"Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage","author":"Metz","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026090113414841900_cit6","author":"Langmuir","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem."},{"key":"2026090113414841900_cit7","volume-title":"Geochemistry\nof Sedimentary Carbonates","author":"Morse","year":"1990"},{"key":"2026090113414841900_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2013.07.001","article-title":"The pH of\nCO2-saturated water at temperatures between 308K and 423K\nat pressures up to 15 MPa","volume":"82","author":"Peng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. 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Sci."},{"key":"2026090113414841900_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2012.12.032","article-title":"3-D simulation\nand analysis of reactive dissolution and wormhole formation in carbonate\nrocks","volume":"90","author":"Maheshwari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"issue":"F2","key":"2026090113414841900_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JF001060","article-title":"Evolution of porosity and diffusivity associated with chemical weathering\nof a basalt clast","volume":"114","author":"Navarre-Sitchler","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Earth\nSurf."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090113414841900_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2008.03.021","article-title":"From pore scale to\nwellbore scale: Impact of geometry on wormhole growth in carbonate\nacidization","volume":"63","author":"Cohen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. 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In  Multiphase Flow in Porous Rock\nimaged under dynamic flow\nconditions with fast X-ray computed micro-tomography, EGU\nGeneral Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2013, 2013; p 5544."},{"key":"2026090113414841900_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2012.03.003","article-title":"Pore-scale imaging\nand modelling","volume":"51","author":"Blunt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"2026090113414841900_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2012.07.018","article-title":"X-ray imaging and\nanalysis techniques for quantifying\npore-scale structure and processes in subsurface porous medium systems","volume":"51","author":"Wildenschild","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. 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Hydrol."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026090113414841900_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3915","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50771","article-title":"Pore-scale imaging of geological\ncarbon dioxide storage under in situ conditions","volume":"40","author":"Andrew","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2026090113414841900_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2013.12.018","article-title":"Pore-scale imaging of trapped supercritical\ncarbon dioxide in sandstones and carbonates","volume":"22","author":"Andrew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090113414841900_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/S0309-1708(02)00042-8","article-title":"Characterizing\nflow and transport in fractured geological media: A review","volume":"25","author":"Berkowitz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"2026090113414841900_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2010.11.005","article-title":"A quantitative methodology\nto assess the risks to human health from CO2 leakage into\ngroundwater","volume":"36","author":"Siirila","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090113414841900_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GB003286","article-title":"Effects of elevated\npCO2 on dissolution of coral carbonates by microbial euendoliths","volume":"23","author":"Tribollet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Global Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"issue":"01","key":"2026090113414841900_cit37","first-page":"63","article-title":"Carbonate acidizing: Toward a quantitative\nmodel of the wormholing phenomenon","volume":"4","author":"Daccord","year":"1989","journal-title":"SPE Prod.\nEng."},{"issue":"03","key":"2026090113414841900_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.2118\/153216-PA","article-title":"Microtomographic characterization\nof dissolution-induced local porosity changes including fines migration\nin carbonate rock","volume":"18","author":"Qajar","year":"2013","journal-title":"SPE J."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090113414841900_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11004-012-9431-4","article-title":"Computations\nof absolute permeability\non micro-CT images","volume":"45","author":"Mostaghimi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Math. Geosci."},{"key":"2026090113414841900_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2015.07.010","article-title":"Pore-scale\nheterogeneity in the mineral distribution\nand reactive surface area of porous rocks.","author":"Lai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"issue":"B6","key":"2026090113414841900_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4009","DOI":"10.1029\/JB089iB06p04009","article-title":"Chemical\nkinetics of water-rock interactions","volume":"89","author":"Lasaga","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Geophys.\nRes., Solid Earth"},{"key":"2026090113414841900_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2015.03.012","article-title":"Kinetics of calcite dissolution in CO2-saturated water at temperatures between (323 and 373) K and pressures\nup to 13.8 MPa","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"2026090113414841900_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2013.02.006","article-title":"A robust\nand efficient numerical\nmethod for multiphase equilibrium calculations: Application to CO2\u2013brine\u2013rock systems at high temperatures, pressures\nand salinities","volume":"62","author":"Leal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"2026090113414841900_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2014.01.038","article-title":"Efficient\nchemical equilibrium calculations\nfor geochemical speciation and reactive transport modelling","volume":"131","author":"Leal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. 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Phys."},{"key":"2026090113414841900_cit48","unstructured":"OPENFOAM, The Open Source CFD Toolbox, 2011."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090113414841900_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s11242-013-0257-4","article-title":"Experimental characterization of\nporosity structure and transport property changes in limestone undergoing\ndifferent dissolution regimes","volume":"101","author":"Luquot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Porous\nMedia"},{"key":"2026090113414841900_cit50","volume-title":"Reactive Flow in Carbonate\nCores via Digital Core Analysis","author":"Qajar","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026090113414841900_cit51","volume-title":"Fluid-Rock Interactions\nin Carbonates: Applications to CO2 storage","author":"Gharbi","year":"2014"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026090113414841900_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.1002\/wrcr.20238","article-title":"Insights into non-Fickian solute\ntransport in carbonates","volume":"49","author":"Bijeljic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"2026090113414841900_cit53","article-title":"Pore-scale simulation\nof carbonate dissolution in\nmicro-CT images","author":"Pereira Nunes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophy. Res."},{"issue":"B6","key":"2026090113414841900_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JB006122","article-title":"Wormhole formation in dissolving\nfractures","volume":"114","author":"Szymczak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Geophys. Res., Solid\nEarth"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090113414841900_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.1021\/es0157144","article-title":"Reactive\ntransport in porous media:\nA comparison of model prediction with laboratory visualization","volume":"36","author":"Gramling","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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