{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T09:04:26Z","timestamp":1785143066003,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,4,30]],"date-time":"2027-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1809043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004358","name":"Samsung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IO201210-07965-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IO201210-07965-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004358","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00347241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00347241"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>MXenes have a characteristic quasi-two-dimensional structure composed of covalently bonded transition metal (M) and carbon or nitrogen (X) sublayers, [Mn+1Xn], stacked with an interlayer spacing. Conventional MAX-etched MXenes inevitably have inhomogeneous surface functional groups (Tx), while chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has so far yielded only ultrathin \u03b1-Mo2C bulk crystals, failing to form a layered structure. Here, we report a CVD approach that enables the formation of layered [Mon+1Cn] structures through controlled carburization of predeposited Mo films without Tx sources. The resulting films are composed of multiple MXene phases, including Mo2C, Mo3C2, and Mo4C3 layered motifs. Regulated carbon diffusion results in discrete [Mon+1Cn] slabs with a well-defined interlayer spacing. In addition, a signature Tx-free, Mo-exposed surface exhibits enhanced nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) activity compared with a CVD-grown \u03b1-Mo2C film, achieving an NH3 yield of 6.52 \u03bcg h\u20131 cm\u20132. Given the broad applicability to other MXenes, we anticipate that this work will stimulate further fundamental research and application on MXenes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5c23370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T16:33:26Z","timestamp":1777566806000},"page":"23410-23415","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Formation of Quasi-2D\n[Mon+1Cn] Layered Structures via Carburizing\nMetal Films toward Surface Functional\nGroup-Free Molybdenum Carbide MXene Thin Films"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"Junhyeok","family":"No","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , , 77 CheongamRo , , ,","place":["Pohang, Korea, 37673"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taemin","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , , 77 CheongamRo , , ,","place":["Pohang, Korea, 37673"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5328-0913","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tae-Hwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , , 77 CheongamRo , , ,","place":["Pohang, Korea, 37673"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1002-1262","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hee Cheul","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , , 77 CheongamRo , , ,","place":["Pohang, Korea, 37673"]},{"name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , , 77 CheongamRo , , ,","place":["Pohang, Korea, 37673"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf1581","article-title":"The World of Two-Dimensional Carbides\nand Nitrides (MXenes)","volume":"372","author":"VahidMohammadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/s44160-022-00104-6","article-title":"Fundamentals\nof MXene Synthesis","volume":"1","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Synthesis"},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1021\/nn204153h","article-title":"Two-Dimensional\nTransition Metal Carbides","volume":"6","author":"Naguib","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2016.98","article-title":"2D Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes)\nfor Energy Storage","volume":"2","author":"Anasori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4248","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201102306","article-title":"Two-Dimensional\nNanocrystals Produced by Exfoliation of Ti3AlC2","volume":"23","author":"Naguib","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2664","article-title":"Intercalation\nand Delamination\nof Layered Carbides and Carbonitrides","volume":"4","author":"Mashtalir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat.\nCommun."},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-08169-8","article-title":"Control\nof MXenes\u2019 Electronic Properties through\nTermination and Intercalation","volume":"10","author":"Hart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3118","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201505328","article-title":"Synthesis\nand Characterization of\n2D Molybdenum Carbide (MXene)","volume":"26","author":"Halim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.6b00247","article-title":"Two-Dimensional Molybdenum Carbide (MXene) as an Efficient\nElectrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution","volume":"1","author":"Seh","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS\nEnergy Lett."},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3459","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47700-y","article-title":"Functionalized MXene\nInk Enables Environmentally Stable Printed Electronics","volume":"15","author":"Ko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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Electron. Mater."},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4374","article-title":"Large-Area\nHigh-Quality 2D Ultrathin Mo2C Superconducting Crystals","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1402-4896\/acf9ce","article-title":"Kinetic Analysis of 2D Mo2C Crystal Growth via CVD","volume":"98","author":"Buke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add9204","article-title":"Direct Synthesis and Chemical Vapor\nDeposition of 2D\nCarbide and Nitride MXenes","volume":"379","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33977","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c08160","article-title":"Wafer-Scale\nGrowth\nof Ultrauniform 2D PtSe2 Films with Spatial and Thickness\nControl through Multi-Step Metal Conversion","volume":"18","author":"Gyeon","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1021\/nl400258t","article-title":"Synthesis of MoS2 and MoSe2 Films\nwith Vertically Aligned Layers","volume":"13","author":"Kong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6842","DOI":"10.1021\/nl502570f","article-title":"Metal Seed Layer\nThickness-Induced Transition From\nVertical to Horizontal Growth of MoS2 and WS2","volume":"14","author":"Jung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29645","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA06770A","article-title":"Tuning the Orientation\nof Few-Layer\nMoS2 Films Using One-Zone Sulfurization","volume":"9","author":"Sojkova\u0301","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34222-z","article-title":"Growth Mechanisms and Electronic Properties of Vertically Aligned\nMoS2","volume":"8","author":"Stern","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201807160","article-title":"Probing the Domain\nArchitecture in 2D \u03b1-Mo2C via Polarized Raman Spectroscopy","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202300760","article-title":"How to GIWAXS: Grazing\nIncidence Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering Applied to Metal Halide Perovskite\nThin Films","volume":"13","author":"Steele","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31159","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c11111","article-title":"Synthesis of Three Isoelemental MXenes and Their Structure\u2013Property\nRelationships","volume":"146","author":"Downes","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202209954","article-title":"Scalable Synthesis of 2D Mo2C and Thickness-Dependent\nHydrogen Evolution on Its Basal Plane and Edges","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1107\/S0365110X63000487","article-title":"The Structure of Dimolybdenum Carbide by Neutron Diffraction\nTechnique","volume":"16","author":"Parthe\u0301","year":"1963","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr."},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-023-10364-3","article-title":"First-Principles\nCalculation of Structural\nStability and Mechanical Properties of Cr Doped Mo2C Carbide","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics"},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4385","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.9b00470","article-title":"Atomic Repartition\nin MXenes by Electron Probes","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36715-6","article-title":"Wafer-Scale and Universal van der\nWaals Metal Semiconductor Contact","volume":"14","author":"Kong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb7023","article-title":"Chemical Vapor Deposition\nof Layered Two-Dimensional MoSi2 N4 Materials","volume":"369","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5510","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25784-0","article-title":"Two-Dimensional\nMolybdenum Carbide 2D-Mo2C as a Superior Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4505","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.9b01105","article-title":"In Situ\nXANES\/XRD Study of the Structural Stability of Two-Dimensional Molybdenum\nCarbide Mo2CTx: Implications for the Catalytic\nActivity in the Water\u2013Gas Shift Reaction","volume":"31","author":"Deeva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3327","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.9b00972","article-title":"Layer-Stacking,\nDefects, and Robust Superconductivity on the Mo-Terminated Surface\nof Ultrathin Mo2C Flakes Grown by CVD","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7864","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.0c01127","article-title":"Single Faceted Two-Dimensional\nMo2C Electrocatalyst for Highly Efficient Nitrogen Fixation","volume":"10","author":"Ba","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11815","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.4c00802","article-title":"NH3 Synthesis via Electrocatalytic\nN2 Reduction Reaction on the Defective Surfaces of Nb2Mo2C3Tx MXenes: Theoretical\nand Experimental Studies","volume":"38","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"2026072621074735400_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12371","DOI":"10.1039\/D3CP00277B","article-title":"Defective Mo2C as a Promising Electrocatalyst for the\nNitrogen Reduction Reaction","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem.\nPhys."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American\nChemical Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/jacs.5c23370","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jacsat\/article-pdf\/148\/23\/23410\/62994245\/jacs.5c23370.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jacsat\/article-pdf\/148\/23\/23410\/62994245\/jacs.5c23370.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T08:18:01Z","timestamp":1785140281000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jacsat\/article\/148\/23\/23410\/5068407\/Formation-of-Quasi-2D-Mon-1Cn-Layered-Structures"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jacs.5c23370","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-7863","1520-5126"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-7863","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5126","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]}}}