{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T12:34:20Z","timestamp":1791549260605,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22025206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22025206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22278204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22278204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22301298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22301298"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W2431016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W2431016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFA1504904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFA1504904"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Dalian Innovation Support Plan for High Level Talents","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022RG13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022RG13"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Leading Innovative and Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025R01022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025R01022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nonthermal plasma (NTP) offers exceptional theoretical energy efficiency for nitrogen fixation, yet realizing this potential in practice remains a formidable challenge due to rapid energy dissipation, particularly through low-energy electrons that typically lose their energy as heat. Conventional plasma modulation largely relies on mass-transfer-dominated frameworks, lacking mechanisms to selectively channel these electrons into productive chemical pathways. Here we demonstrate that positively charged water microdroplets constitute active electrostatic confinement interfaces to harvest and re-energize low-energy plasma electrons. Under minimized microdroplet charge relaxation, plasma energy becomes spatially and energetically confined at the droplet\u2013air interface, promoting interfacial water splitting and triggering a distinctive \u2022OH-mediated dinitrogen (N2) oxidation pathway at reduced discharge voltage. Such energetic regulation boosts dinitrogen oxidation rates 60-fold while cutting power consumption by two-thirds, achieving a nitrate energy efficiency of 1.65 \u03bcmol J\u20131 that rivals electrolysis-based industrial benchmarks. These results reveal an unrecognized chemical role of ubiquitous microdroplets as plasma energy concentrators and establish an interfacial electrostatic confinement mechanism for directing NTP reactivity, with implications for nitrogen fixation chemistry, atmospheric chemistry, and plasma catalysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6c03579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T07:43:16Z","timestamp":1780386196000},"page":"23941-23952","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Electrostatic\nConfinement of Plasma Electrons by Water\nMicrodroplets Enables Dinitrogen Oxidation"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"148","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9921-234X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiuquan","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Dalian, P. R. China, 116023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangqi","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Wenzhou, P. R. China, 325006"]},{"name":"National University of Singapore , , 4 Engineering Drive 4 , ,","place":["Singapore, Singapore, 117585"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Dalian, P. R. China, 116023"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Dalian, P. R. China, 116023"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhendong","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Dalian, P. R. China, 116023"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaowei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Wenzhou, P. R. China, 325006"]},{"name":"Nanjing Tech University , , ,","place":["Nanjing, P. R. China, 211816"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Wenzhou, P. R. China, 325006"]},{"name":"University of Nottingham Ningbo China , , 211 Xingguang Road , ,","place":["Ningbo, P. R. China, 315048"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shijie","family":"Xian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University , , ,","place":["Wenzhou, P. R. China, 325006"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Dalian, P. R. China, 116023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Dalian, P. R. China, 116023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8203-0025","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jichun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Dalian, P. R. China, 116023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuke","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Dalian, P. R. China, 116023"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Dalian, P. R. 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China, 325006"]},{"name":"University of Nottingham Ningbo China , , 211 Xingguang Road , ,","place":["Ningbo, P. R. China, 315048"]},{"name":"The University of Manchester , , Oxford Road , ,","place":["Manchester, United Kingdom, M13 9PL"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9167-8743","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Feng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Dalian, P. R. China, 116023"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. 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Soc."},{"issue":"39","key":"2026073023100920400_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19294","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1911883116","article-title":"Spontaneous generation\nof hydrogen peroxide from aqueous microdroplets","volume":"116","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026073023100920400_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8327","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c14040","article-title":"Quantification\nand mechanistic investigation of the spontaneous H2O2 generation at the interfaces of salt-containing aqueous droplets","volume":"146","author":"Angelaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"6699","key":"2026073023100920400_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adl3364","article-title":"Spontaneous weathering\nof natural minerals in charged\nwater microdroplets forms nanomaterials","volume":"384","author":"Spoorthi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"26","key":"2026073023100920400_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10515","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c00371","article-title":"Water microdroplets\nin air: a hitherto unnoticed natural source of nitrogen oxides","volume":"96","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026073023100920400_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adt8979","article-title":"Spraying of water microdroplets forms\nluminescence and causes chemical reactions in surrounding gas","volume":"11","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. 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London, A"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026073023100920400_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3935","DOI":"10.1021\/ie048905z","article-title":"Effect of CO2 on nonthermal-plasma\nreactions of nitrogen oxides in N2. 2. Percent-level concentrations","volume":"44","author":"Zhao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026073023100920400_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063784218040205","article-title":"Charge separation at the evaporation\n(condensation) front of water and ice. charging of spherical droplets","volume":"63","author":"Shavlov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Technol. Phys."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026073023100920400_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11399","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5c01072","article-title":"Microdroplet\nchemistry with unactivated droplets","volume":"147","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am.\nChem. Soc."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026073023100920400_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.5c01518","article-title":"Atmospheric\nsampling mass spectrometers activate and ionize neutral water microdroplets\nto meV energies and up to 200,000+ charges: implications for water\nstability and unusual chemistry in microdroplets","volume":"11","author":"McPartlan","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026073023100920400_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevSeriesI.32.349","article-title":"The isolation\nof an ion, a precision measurement of its charge, and the correction\nof Stokes\u2019s law","volume":"32","author":"Millikan","year":"1911","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. (I)"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026073023100920400_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123306","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3391921","article-title":"Development of asymmetric\ndouble probe formula and its application for collisional plasmas","volume":"107","author":"Saito","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073023100920400_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-008-9368-6","article-title":"An overview of Earth\u2019s\nglobal electric circuit and atmospheric conductivity","volume":"137","author":"Rycroft","year":"2008","journal-title":"Space Sci. 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