{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T17:16:13Z","timestamp":1788455773568,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"34","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013290","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China Stem Cell and Translational Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFA1202804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFA1202804"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013290","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XDB36000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB36000000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ammonia is a cornerstone for global agriculture and promising renewable energy storage, yet its production through the conventional Haber-Bosch process accounts for nearly 2% of worldwide energy consumption, underscoring the urgent need for sustainable alternatives. Recent advances in interfacial chemistry, such as droplet-assisted reactions, have demonstrated unique reactivity in confined environments under mild conditions. However, many of these approaches rely on hydroxyl radicals and exhibit limited selectivity toward oxygen-free hydrogen-rich products like ammonia. Here, we report a catalyst-free nitrogen fixation strategy that achieves high ammonia selectivity (\u223c60%) using nanobubble-driven radical chemistry at ambient temperature and pressure. By harnessing the cavitation-decoupled N2\/H2 nanobubbles collapsing in water, our system enables spontaneous nitrogen fixation with an optimized ammonia yield of \u223c0.24 mg\u00b7L\u22121 achieved through 30 min nanobubble generation and subsequent 24 h standing, driven primarily by hydrogen radicals in a mechanism reminiscent of confined implosion. This collapse generates localized transient extremes of temperature and pressure, which promotes the formation of reactive hydrogen radicals. The high chemical potential of these radicals (\u223c2.3 eV) directly supplies the energy required for N\u2261N bond activation, eliminating the need for catalysts and external energy input. Beyond offering a scalable and energy-efficient route to green ammonia synthesis, this study provides mechanistic insight into prebiotic nitrogen-fixation pathways. The approach aligns with the global transition toward decentralized, low-carbon chemical production and contributes to a sustainable future for both energy and agriculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6c06081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T19:01:29Z","timestamp":1787252489000},"page":"36302-36308","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nanobubble\nRadical-Driven N2 Hydrogenation\nfor Sustainable Ammonia Production: A Haber-Bosch Alternative under\nMild Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"Shangkun","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100190"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100190"]},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100049"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7243-5244","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100190"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2460-6686","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guanglu","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , , ,","place":["Beijing, P. R. China, 100190"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026090312102957000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EE03769A","article-title":"A Hybrid Plasma Electrocatalytic Process for Sustainable Ammonia\nProduction","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090312102957000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-021-00741-3","article-title":"Selective Electrocatalytic\nSynthesis of Urea with Nitrate and Carbon\nDioxide","volume":"4","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain"},{"issue":"4949","key":"2026090312102957000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1126\/science.247.4949.1439","article-title":"Sonochemistry","volume":"247","author":"Suslick","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5026","key":"2026090312102957000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1126\/science.253.5026.1397","article-title":"The Temperature of Cavitation","volume":"253","author":"Flint","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6148","key":"2026090312102957000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/330553a0","article-title":"Sonoluminescence\nfrom Non-Aqueous Liquids","volume":"330","author":"Suslick","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6755","key":"2026090312102957000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/44536","article-title":"Sonoluminescence Temperatures during\nMulti-Bubble Cavitation","volume":"401","author":"McNamara","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7029","key":"2026090312102957000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03361","article-title":"Plasma\nFormation and Temperature Measurement during\nSingle-Bubble Cavitation","volume":"434","author":"Flannigan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"33","key":"2026090312102957000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202207587","article-title":"Capture of Hydroxyl\nRadicals by Hydronium\nCations in Water Microdroplets","volume":"61","author":"Xing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Angew. Chem.\nInt. Ed"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026090312102957000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7573","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.2c01577","article-title":"Capturing\nReactive Carbanions by Microdroplets","volume":"144","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am.\nChem. Soc."},{"issue":"50","key":"2026090312102957000_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27198","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c08643","article-title":"Water Microdroplets-Initiated Methane\nOxidation","volume":"145","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090312102957000_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202417920","article-title":"Spontaneous Generation\nof Alkoxide Radical from Alcohols on Microdroplets Surface","volume":"64","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed"},{"issue":"16","key":"2026090312102957000_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2301206120","article-title":"Making\nAmmonia from Nitrogen and\nWater Microdroplets","volume":"120","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.\nU.S.A."},{"issue":"50","key":"2026090312102957000_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ads4443","article-title":"Onsite Ammonia Synthesis\nfrom Water Vapor and Nitrogen in the Air","volume":"10","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci.\nAdv."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090312102957000_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c15514","article-title":"Catalyst-Free Nitrogen Fixation by\nMicrodroplets through a Radical-Mediated Disproportionation Mechanism\nunder Ambient Conditions","volume":"147","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"6754","key":"2026090312102957000_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adv2362","article-title":"Spontaneous Formation of Urea from\nCarbon Dioxide and Ammonia in Aqueous Droplets","volume":"388","author":"Mohajer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090312102957000_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45832-9","article-title":"Efficient Catalyst-Free\nN2 Fixation by Water Radical Cations under Ambient Conditions","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"21","key":"2026090312102957000_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.202300429","article-title":"Tunable Gas-Gas Reactions\nthrough Nanobubble Pathway","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ChemPhysChem"},{"key":"2026090312102957000_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2020.02.101","article-title":"Unraveling the Mystery of Ultrafine Bubbles: Establishment of Thermodynamic\nEquilibrium for Sub-Micron Bubbles and Its Implications","volume":"570","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"issue":"43","key":"2026090312102957000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11295","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.6b01621","article-title":"Identification\nof ROS Produced by Nanobubbles and Their Positive and Negative Effects\non Vegetable Seed Germination","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090312102957000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0669254","article-title":"Free-Radical Generation from Collapsing\nMicrobubbles in the Absence of a Dynamic Stimulus","volume":"111","author":"Takahashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090312102957000_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-018-3745-x","article-title":"Hydroxyl Radical Generation\nand Contaminant Removal from Water by the Collapse of Microbubbles\nUnder Different Hydrochemical Conditions","volume":"229","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water\nAir Soil Pollut"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090312102957000_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202209102","article-title":"Ammonia Synthesis\nat Room Temperature and Atmospheric Pressure from N2: A\nBoron-Radical Approach","volume":"62","author":"Bennaamane","year":"2023","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed"},{"key":"2026090312102957000_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-025-01911-9","article-title":"Atmospheric-Pressure Ammonia Synthesis\non AuRu Catalysts Enabled by Plasmon-Controlled Hydrogenation and\nNitrogen-Species Desorption","volume":"11","author":"Yuan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"issue":"03","key":"2026090312102957000_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000163","DOI":"10.4172\/2329-6798.1000163","article-title":"Fourier Transform Infrared and Ultraviolet-Visible\nSpectroscopic Characterization of Ammonium Acetate and Ammonium Chloride:\nAn Impact of Biofield Treatment","volume":"03","author":"Kumar Trivedi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mod. Chem.\nAppl."},{"key":"2026090312102957000_cit25","first-page":"9","article-title":"Strength of\nChemical Bonds","volume-title":"CRC Handbook of Chemistry\nand Physics","author":"Lide","year":"2004"}],"container-title":["Journal of\nthe American Chemical Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/jacs.6c06081","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jacsat\/article-pdf\/148\/34\/36302\/66913694\/jacs.6c06081.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jacsat\/article-pdf\/148\/34\/36302\/66913694\/jacs.6c06081.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:22:53Z","timestamp":1788452573000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jacsat\/article\/148\/34\/36302\/5278533\/Nanobubble-Radical-Driven-N2-Hydrogenation-for"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"34","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jacs.6c06081","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-7863","1520-5126"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-7863","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5126","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]}}}