{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:17:28Z","timestamp":1790813848780,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"30","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["22474041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22474041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Electrochemical reactions are conventionally confined to liquid electrolytes, where charge transport and mass migration are intrinsically coupled, defining both the reaction kinetics and structural evolution. Here, we show that frozen acidic electrolytes can serve as proton-conductive, mass-transport-restricted media for electrochemical single-atom construction. Within a defined subzero temperature window, frozen aqueous electrolytes support proton-selective charge transport through hydrogen-bonded ice lattices while suppressing the long-range migration of heavier ionic species. This transport asymmetry enables the charge-programmable, aggregation-suppressed construction of isolated metal sites. The resulting atomic configurations remained stable under electrochemical operation. This frozen-state, proton-selective reaction environment is general across diverse metals and supports, providing a low-temperature electrochemical strategy for single-atom-catalyst construction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6c07224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T05:00:53Z","timestamp":1784610053000},"page":"32133-32142","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Frozen-State Electrochemistry\nEnables Proton-Selective\nReaction Environments for Deterministic Atomic Construction"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"Xue","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200241"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shijun","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200241"]},{"name":"Lanxi Magnesium Materials Research Institute , ,","place":["Lanxi, China, 321100"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiquan","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200241"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1670-1499","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Panzhe","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 201210"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinpeng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200241"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200241"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200241"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7022-4948","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhonghai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University , , ,","place":["Shanghai, China, 200241"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080511105066600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2425269","article-title":"Theoretical analysis of current distribution in porous\nelectrodes","volume":"109","author":"Newman","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"2026080511105066600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1021\/ar300145c","article-title":"Theory\nof chemical kinetics and charge transfer","volume":"46","author":"Bazant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acc.\nChem. Res."},{"key":"2026080511105066600_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"075501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.96.075501","article-title":"Orientational\ndefects in ice Ih: an interpretation of electrical conductivity measurements","volume":"96","author":"de Koning","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2026080511105066600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.200600128","article-title":"Proton Transfer\n200 Years after von Grotthuss: Insights from Ab Initio Simulations","volume":"7","author":"Marx","year":"2006","journal-title":"ChemPhysChem"},{"key":"2026080511105066600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/451652a","article-title":"Building better batteries","volume":"451","author":"Armand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026080511105066600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1137014","article-title":"Toward\ncost-effective solar energy use","volume":"315","author":"Lewis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6321","key":"2026080511105066600_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad4998","article-title":"Combining theory and experiment in\nelectrocatalysis: Insights into materials design","volume":"355","author":"Seh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026080511105066600_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/0079-6816(95)00040-6","article-title":"Electrochemical\noxide film formation at noble metals as a surface-chemical process","volume":"49","author":"Conway","year":"1995","journal-title":"Prog. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"2026080511105066600_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrp.2025.102834","article-title":"Regulating local microenvironment\nof frozen aqueous electrolyte with auxiliary salt for low-temperature\nzinc-ion hybrid capacitors","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Phys.\nSci."},{"key":"2026080511105066600_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1021\/nl052175i","article-title":"Quantifying\nElectrochemical Nucleation and Growth of Nanoscale Clusters Using\nReal-Time Kinetic Data","volume":"6","author":"Radisic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080511105066600_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56957-w","article-title":"A nanotwinned-alloy\nstrategy enables fast sodium deposition dynamics","volume":"16","author":"Zou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026080511105066600_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.1095","article-title":"Single-atom catalysis\nof CO oxidation using Pt1\/FeOx","volume":"3","author":"Qiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"2026080511105066600_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1021\/ar300361m","article-title":"Single-atom catalysts: a new frontier\nin heterogeneous catalysis","volume":"46","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2026080511105066600_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.6b01534","article-title":"Catalysis\nby supported single metal atoms","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"2026080511105066600_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9404","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201902107","article-title":"Charge Polarization\nfrom Atomic Metals on Adjacent Graphitic Layers\nfor Enhancing the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction","volume":"58","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"2026080511105066600_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9371","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-024-6923-8","article-title":"Synthesis techniques, mechanism, and prospects of high-loading\nsingle-atom catalysts for oxygen reduction reactions","volume":"17","author":"Pang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"2026080511105066600_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1126\/science.115.2989.385","article-title":"Structure\nand properties of ice","volume":"115","author":"Bjerrum","year":"1952","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026080511105066600_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JF002603","article-title":"The role of acids in electrical conduction\nthrough ice","volume":"118","author":"Stillman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"2026080511105066600_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2614(95)00905-J","article-title":"The Grotthuss\nmechanism","volume":"244","author":"Agmon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"2026080511105066600_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1021\/cm950192a","article-title":"Proton\nconductivity: Materials and Applications","volume":"8","author":"Kreuer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chem.\nMater."},{"key":"2026080511105066600_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0728(85)85091-9","article-title":"The double-layer capacity in liquid\nand solid aqueous electrolyte","volume":"196","author":"Iwasita","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Electroanal.\nChem."},{"key":"2026080511105066600_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2024.112740","article-title":"Copper electrodeposited\nin ice ionic electrolytes","volume":"239","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080511105066600_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23306-6","article-title":"Electronic\nmetal\u2013support interaction modulates single-atom platinum catalysis\nfor hydrogen evolution reaction","volume":"12","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"33","key":"2026080511105066600_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2204635","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202204635","article-title":"Single-Atom-Regulated Heterostructure\nof Binary Nanosheets to Enable Dendrite-Free and Kinetics-Enhanced\nLi\u2013S Batteries","volume":"32","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080511105066600_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14848-2","article-title":"Uncovering near-free platinum single-atom\ndynamics\nduring electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction","volume":"11","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026080511105066600_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.4c00266","article-title":"Tafel Slope Plot as a Tool to Analyze Electrocatalytic\nReactions","volume":"9","author":"Van der Heijden","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"issue":"42","key":"2026080511105066600_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202305598","article-title":"Lattice Strain Engineering\nof Ni2P Enables Efficient Catalytic\nHydrazine Oxidation-Assisted Hydrogen Production","volume":"35","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"41","key":"2026080511105066600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2502989","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202502989","article-title":"Surface Single Atom\nAlloys for Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction","volume":"37","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026080511105066600_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5148","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00448E","article-title":"Noble metal-free hydrogen\nevolution catalysts for water splitting","volume":"44","author":"Zou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem.\nSoc. Rev."},{"key":"2026080511105066600_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.128749","article-title":"Single Pt atom-anchored C3N4:\nA bridging Pt\u2013N bond boosted electron transfer for highly efficient\nphotocatalytic H2 generation","volume":"412","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem.\nEng. J."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American\nChemical Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/jacs.6c07224","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jacsat\/article-pdf\/148\/30\/32133\/66071631\/jacs.6c07224.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jacsat\/article-pdf\/148\/30\/32133\/66071631\/jacs.6c07224.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T15:23:49Z","timestamp":1785943429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jacsat\/article\/148\/30\/32133\/5222827\/Frozen-State-Electrochemistry-Enables-Proton"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"30","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jacs.6c07224","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-7863","1520-5126"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-7863","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5126","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]}}}