{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:06:10Z","timestamp":1792620370702,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000183","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911NF2110337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF2110337"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000183","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Urea is an indispensable nitrogen fertilizer and an important feedstock for chemical synthesis. Compared to the energy-intensive Bosch\u2013Meiser process, photocatalytic redox coupling offers a sustainable approach toward urea synthesis. However, artificial photosynthesis remains dependent on catalyst compositions and structural properties. Here, by leveraging the photocatalyst-like redox capability of aqueous microdroplets, we present a catalyst-free, radical-mediated redox coupling strategy for urea synthesis from CH3OH and N2 under ambient conditions. The system achieved an optimized urea yield rate of approximately 10.8 \u03bcg h\u20131 with 2 vol % CH3OH in a pure N2 atmosphere, which was comparable to some values for urea photosynthesis. Comprehensive experimental investigations and theoretical calculations elucidated a thermodynamically favorable redox coupling pathway, in which \u00b7CHO generated from \u00b7OH-induced CH3OH oxidation and \u00b7NH2 produced via \u00b7H-triggered N2 reduction played a pivotal role in urea formation. This study offers a promising platform for the green synthesis of organonitrogen compounds and provides insights into harnessing the redox chemistry of aqueous microdroplets for chemical production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6c08753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T14:11:34Z","timestamp":1788531094000},"page":"38765-38773","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Catalyst-Free Urea\nSynthesis from Methanol and Nitrogen\nvia Radical-Mediated Redox Coupling on Aqueous Microdroplets"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"148","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2356-4914","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kejian","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan , , 1301 Beal Avenue , , ,","place":["Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4214-6799","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bingxing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan , , 1301 Beal Avenue , , ,","place":["Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuyang","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan , , 1301 Beal Avenue , , ,","place":["Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3896-3402","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rui","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan , , 1301 Beal Avenue , , ,","place":["Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4877-0058","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Deming","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania , , , ,","place":["Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai Duy","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan , , 1301 Beal Avenue , , ,","place":["Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengwei","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan , , 1301 Beal Avenue , , ,","place":["Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5461-1486","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joseph S.","family":"Francisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania , , , ,","place":["Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9494-7390","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zetian","family":"Mi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan , , 1301 Beal Avenue , , ,","place":["Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 48109"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091609112819700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-025-01703-9","article-title":"Efficient urea electrosynthesis from CO2 and nitrate mediated by an ionic liquid bridge","volume":"9","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. 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