{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:47:31Z","timestamp":1792784851551,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)","award":["DE-SC0018618"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-SC0018618"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01bj3aw27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation (NSF)","award":["NNCI-2025608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNCI-2025608"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The vapor-phase synthesis can produce 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) from abundant precursors, bypassing MAX phase synthesis. However, little progress was made after the initial report by Talapin\u2019s group on the chemical vapor deposition of MXenes on titanium foil, as the growth mechanisms remained poorly understood. Here, a scalable vapor-phase synthesis of high-quality Ti2CCl2 MXene from Ti, TiCl4, and CH4 is demonstrated, and the key features of the growth mechanism are elucidated. Increasing the Ti surface area while confining the reaction volume enables vapor-phase formation of Ti2CCl2 on quartz substrates. Supersaturation of TiCl2 increases gas-phase collision frequency, promoting nucleation and subsequent growth of 2D MXene flakes. The as-synthesized lamellae self-organize into spherulites with diverse morphologies, forming a porous nanocrystal network consistent with the gas-to-solid process. The continuous lateral growth into larger flakes is observed as synthesis time increases, suggesting the feasibility of wafer-scale synthesis. This study provides a practical synthesis route for Ti2CCl2 MXenes, accelerating MXene research and applications in quantum technology, optics, and electronics, where 2D crystals with low defect density are required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6c10774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T13:02:03Z","timestamp":1786971723000},"page":"43191-43199","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vapor-Phase Synthesis\nof Ti2CCl2 MXene"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"148","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2381-9716","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hyunho","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Drexel University , , , ,","place":["Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104"]},{"name":"Sungkyunkwan University , , Seobu-Ro 2066, Jangan-Gu , , ,","place":["Suwon-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea, 16419"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3599-0919","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jongyoun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drexel University , , , ,","place":["Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4939-0594","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Teng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drexel University , , , ,","place":["Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5197-6763","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Swarnendu","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania , , , ,","place":["Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasunori","family":"Hioki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drexel University , , , ,","place":["Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104"]},{"name":"Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. , 1-10-1 Higashikotari , , ,","place":["Nagaokakyo-shi, Kyoto, Japan, 617\u22128555"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3366-2153","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eric A.","family":"Stach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania , , , ,","place":["Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9423-4032","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yury","family":"Gogotsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drexel University , , , ,","place":["Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, 19104"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6547","key":"2026101414083616900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf1581","article-title":"The world of two-dimensional carbides\nand nitrides (MXenes)","volume":"372","author":"VahidMohammadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6506","key":"2026101414083616900_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba8311","article-title":"Covalent\nsurface\nmodifications and superconductivity of two-dimensional metal carbide\nMXenes","volume":"369","author":"Kamysbayev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"45","key":"2026101414083616900_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19110","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.0c07395","article-title":"Tailoring\nElectronic\nand Optical Properties of MXenes through Forming Solid Solutions","volume":"142","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"41","key":"2026101414083616900_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22374","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c04712","article-title":"Synthesis\nof Three Families of Titanium Carbonitride MXenes","volume":"145","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101414083616900_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-024-00969-1","article-title":"Comprehensive\nsynthesis of Ti3C2Tx from MAX phase to MXene","volume":"19","author":"Downes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"issue":"37","key":"2026101414083616900_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4248","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201102306","article-title":"Two-Dimensional\nNanocrystals Produced by Exfoliation of Ti3AlC2","volume":"23","author":"Naguib","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101414083616900_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-020-0657-0","article-title":"A general Lewis acidic\netching route for preparing\nMXenes with enhanced electrochemical performance in non-aqueous electrolyte","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"issue":"6637","key":"2026101414083616900_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add5901","article-title":"Chemical\nscissor-mediated structural editing of layered transition metal carbides","volume":"379","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6638","key":"2026101414083616900_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add9204","article-title":"Direct synthesis and chemical vapor\ndeposition of 2D\ncarbide and nitride MXenes","volume":"379","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101414083616900_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2023.100540","article-title":"Gas-phase synthesis of Ti2CCl2 enables an efficient catalyst for lithium-sulfur batteries","volume":"5","author":"Xiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Innovation"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101414083616900_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54815-9","article-title":"One-step gas-phase syntheses of few-layered single-phase\nTi2NCl2 and Ti2CCl2 MXenes\nwith high stabilities","volume":"15","author":"Yue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101414083616900_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/s44160-025-00946-w","article-title":"Molecular organohalides\nas general precursors for direct\nsynthesis of two-dimensional transition metal carbide MXenes","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Synth."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101414083616900_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-835X(99)00092-5","article-title":"In situ formation\nof titanium carbide\nin titanium powder compacts by gas\u2013solid reaction","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Composites, Part A"},{"key":"2026101414083616900_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2020.11.045","article-title":"Synthesis\nof nano-sized TiC powders by designing a chemical vapor deposition\nsystem in a fluidized bed reactor","volume":"380","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"2026101414083616900_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2018.08.064","article-title":"Low-temperature chemical vapor deposition\n(CVD) of metallic titanium\nfilm from a novel precursor","volume":"353","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026101414083616900_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202008028","article-title":"Crystal Facet Engineering\nof Single-Crystalline TiC Nanocubes for Improved Hydrogen Evolution\nReaction","volume":"31","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"42","key":"2026101414083616900_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13324","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c03597","article-title":"CVD-Synthesized\nTitanium Carbide Nanoflowers as High-Performance Anodes for Sodium-Ion\nBatteries","volume":"24","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2026101414083616900_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.partic.2020.12.012","article-title":"Synthesis of TiCl2 powders\nthrough reactive gas phase infiltration in a fluidized bed reactor","volume":"57","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Particuology"},{"key":"2026101414083616900_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-817200-1.00005-3","article-title":"Fundamentals of\nthermochemical reduction of TiCl4","volume-title":"Extractive Metallurgy of Titanium","author":"Okabe","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026101414083616900_cit20","unstructured":"Krabbes, G.; Bieger, W.; Sommer, K.-H.; So\u0308hnel, T.; Steiner, U.\n          Package TRAGMIN for Calculation\nof Thermodynamic Equilibrium: Version 5.2b, https:\/\/www.htw-dresden.de\/luc\/forschung\/chemieingenieurwesen\/festkoerperchemie\/tragmin."},{"key":"2026101414083616900_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/355\/1\/012010","article-title":"A feasibility\nstudy for high-temperature titanium reduction\nfrom TiCl4 using a magnesiothermic process","volume":"355","author":"Ivanov","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"41","key":"2026101414083616900_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5305","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.9b01818","article-title":"Layered \u03b1-TiCl3: Microsheets\non YSZ Substrates for Ethylene Polymerization with Enhanced Activity","volume":"31","author":"Gro\u0308nke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101414083616900_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1021\/j150524a014","article-title":"The Disproportionation\nand Vapor Pressure of TiCl3","volume":"59","author":"Farber","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Phys.\nChem. A"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101414083616900_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1515\/htmp.2011.065","article-title":"Preparation and Properties\nof Trivalent Titanium Compounds, TiCl3 and TiOCl","volume":"30","author":"Sekimoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"High Temp. Mater. Proc."},{"key":"2026101414083616900_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6865282","article-title":"Growth and Mechanism of MoS2 Nanoflowers\nwith Ultrathin Nanosheets","volume":"2017","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"issue":"33","key":"2026101414083616900_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27771","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b07489","article-title":"CVD-Grown MoSe2 Nanoflowers\nwith Dual Active Sites for Efficient Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution\nReaction","volume":"10","author":"Masurkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. 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Mater."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026101414083616900_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4730","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.9b00574","article-title":"Element\nReplacement Approach by Reaction with Lewis Acidic Molten\nSalts to Synthesize Nanolaminated MAX Phases and MXenes","volume":"141","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026101414083616900_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.165349","article-title":"Gas-phase\nchlorohydrocarbon etching for the synthesis of MXenes","volume":"519","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"28","key":"2026101414083616900_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15319","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CP01788H","article-title":"Surface modification\nof titanium carbide MXene monolayers (Ti2C and Ti3C2) via chalcogenide and halogenide atoms","volume":"23","author":"Faraji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026101414083616900_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1021\/je000236i","article-title":"The NIST Chemistry\nWebBook: A Chemical Data Resource\non the Internet","volume":"46","author":"Linstrom","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101414083616900_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1742957","article-title":"Calorimetric Determination of Heats\nof Formation of Titanium Chlorides","volume":"25","author":"Krieve","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. Chem.\nPhys."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101414083616900_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1021\/j150524a006","article-title":"Thermodynamic Properties of the Titanium Chlorides","volume":"59","author":"Skinner","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American\nChemical Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/jacs.6c10774","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jacsat\/article-pdf\/148\/40\/43191\/66624323\/jacs.6c10774.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jacsat\/article-pdf\/148\/40\/43191\/66624323\/jacs.6c10774.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:30:20Z","timestamp":1792002620000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jacsat\/article\/148\/40\/43191\/5260618\/Vapor-Phase-Synthesis-of-Ti2CCl2-MXene"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"40","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jacs.6c10774","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-7863","1520-5126"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-7863","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5126","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]}}}