{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T15:56:41Z","timestamp":1792598201195,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"41","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci?n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2024- 157556OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2024- 157556OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"H2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions","award":["861151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["861151"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The design of low-temperature fuel cells and electrolyzers involving proton exchange membranes (PEMs) has been dominated by the exceptional performance and industrial dominance of Nafion. With emerging regulations banning the use of fluorinated compounds, the search for F-free alternatives must be accelerated. Here, we optimize a fluorine-free, sustainable, and low-cost liquid crystalline poly(epichlorohydrin)membrane, based on the identification of key descriptors for proton mobility obtained using machine learning interatomic potentials (MLIPs) derived from first-principles calculations for extensive molecular dynamics. Proton transfer is controlled by the interplay between water confinement and internal pore chemistry. This allows us to modify the active functional groups so that they directly participate in the proton diffusion process, increasing three times the diffusion rate in the membrane, thus being closer to Nafion standards. This work provides key descriptors for a targeted design approach essential for catalyzing the commercial development of next-generation fluorine-free PEMs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6c15621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T05:01:59Z","timestamp":1791522119000},"page":"45049-45058","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tuning Pore Confinement\nand Chemistry of Fluorine-Free\nMembranes"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Saad","family":"Naeem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, (BIST) , Av. Pai\u0308sos Catalans 16 , ,","place":["Tarragona, Spain, 43007"]},{"name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Campus Sescelades, N4 Block, C. Marcel\u00b7li\u0301 Domingo 1 , ,","place":["Tarragona, Spain, 43007"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6922-406X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zan","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, (BIST) , Av. Pai\u0308sos Catalans 16 , ,","place":["Tarragona, Spain, 43007"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Guardia\u0300","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili , , CarrerMarcel.li\u0301 Domingo 1 , ,","place":["Tarragona, Spain, 43007"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranga Rohit","family":"Seemakurthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, (BIST) , Av. Pai\u0308sos Catalans 16 , ,","place":["Tarragona, Spain, 43007"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8736-404X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pol","family":"Sanz-Berman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, (BIST) , Av. Pai\u0308sos Catalans 16 , ,","place":["Tarragona, Spain, 43007"]},{"name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Campus Sescelades, N4 Block, C. Marcel\u00b7li\u0301 Domingo 1 , ,","place":["Tarragona, Spain, 43007"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Giamberini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili , , Av. Pai\u0308sos Catalans , ,","place":["Tarragona, Spain, 26 43007"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricard","family":"Garcia-Valls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili , , Av. Pai\u0308sos Catalans , ,","place":["Tarragona, Spain, 26 43007"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9150-5941","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nu\u0301ria","family":"Lo\u0301pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, (BIST) , Av. Pai\u0308sos Catalans 16 , ,","place":["Tarragona, Spain, 43007"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/s44359-025-00050-4","article-title":"Realistic Roles for Hydrogen in the Future Energy Transition","volume":"1","author":"Johnson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clean Technol."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11475","article-title":"Opportunities and Challengesfor a Sustainable Energy\nFuture","volume":"488","author":"Chu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-024-01943-8","article-title":"Materials\nDescriptors for Advanced Water DissociationCatalysts in Bipolar Membranes","volume":"23","author":"Sasmal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s44286-023-00009-x","article-title":"Multi-ScalePhysics\nof Bipolar Membranes in Electrochemical Processes","volume":"1","author":"Bui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03482-7","article-title":"Designingthe\nnext Generation of Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells","volume":"595","author":"Jiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11830","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00854","article-title":"Anion-Exchange\nMembrane Water Electrolyzers","volume":"122","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.202200999","article-title":"Development\nof Anion Exchange MembraneWater Electrolysis and the Associated Challenges:\nA Review","volume":"10","author":"Hua","year":"2023","journal-title":"ChemElectroChem"},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2013.01.151","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review\non PEM Water Electrolysis","volume":"38","author":"Carmo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen\nEnergy"},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00159","article-title":"New Insights intoPerfluorinated\nSulfonic-Acid Ionomers","volume":"117","author":"Kusoglu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem.Rev."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1002\/pol.1981.180191103","article-title":"The Morphology\nin Nafion PerfluorinatedMembrane\nProducts, as Determined by Wide- and Small-Angle x-Ray Studies","volume":"19","author":"Gierke","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1393879","article-title":"Diffusionof Water\nin Nafion 115 Membranes","volume":"147","author":"Motupally","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Electrochem.Soc."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4535","DOI":"10.1021\/cr0207123","article-title":"State of Understandingof Nafion","volume":"104","author":"Mauritz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2011.05.011","article-title":"A Brief Considerationabout\nthe Structural Evolution\nof Perfluorosulfonic-Acid Ionomer Membranes","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7303","DOI":"10.1021\/ef501977k","article-title":"Review of AdvancedMaterials for Proton Exchange Membrane\nFuel Cells","volume":"28","author":"Kraytsberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2019.06.005","article-title":"Materials,Technological\nStatus, and Fundamentals of PEM Fuel Cells \u2212A Review","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2010.05.017","article-title":"Review of the Proton Exchange Membranes\nfor Fuel CellApplications","volume":"35","author":"Peighambardoust","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen\nEnergy"},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17436","DOI":"10.1021\/jp504714d","article-title":"ProtonTransport\nMechanism of Perfluorosulfonic\nAcid Membranes","volume":"118","author":"Savage","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3037","DOI":"10.1021\/jz5014467","article-title":"Persistent Subdiffusive Proton Transport in PerfluorosulfonicAcid\nMembranes","volume":"5","author":"Savage","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5829","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(99)00770-3","article-title":"Structural\nEvolution of Water SwollenPerfluorosulfonated Ionomers from Dry Membrane\nto Solution","volume":"41","author":"Gebel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2022.231523","article-title":"Structuraland\nTransport\nProperties of Ultrathin Perfluorosulfonic Acid IonomerFilm in Proton\nExchange Membrane Fuel Cell Catalyst Layer: A Review","volume":"536","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5903","DOI":"10.1021\/jp2002194","article-title":"Proton Solvation\nand Transport in Hydrated Nafion","volume":"115","author":"Feng","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem.\nB"},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1859814","article-title":"Thermodynamics\nand Proton Transportin\nNafion: II. Proton Diffusion Mechanisms and Conductivity","volume":"152","author":"Choi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2005.03.071","article-title":"Aqueous Pore\nStructure and ProtonDynamics\nin Solvated Nafion Membranes","volume":"50","author":"Seeliger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Electrochim.Acta"},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7583","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0524734","article-title":"Molecular Modeling\nof the Short-Side-Chain PerfluorosulfonicAcid\nMembrane","volume":"109","author":"Paddison","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8884","DOI":"10.1021\/jp067460k","article-title":"Water Dynamicsin Nafion Fuel Cell\nMembranes: The Effects of Confinement and StructuralChanges on the\nHydrogen Bond Network","volume":"111","author":"Moilanen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys.Chem. C"},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7920","DOI":"10.1021\/ma301289v","article-title":"Effect of Confinement on Structure, Water Solubility,and\nWater Transport in Nafion Thin Films","volume":"45","author":"Eastman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6882","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.9b04534","article-title":"Molecular Modelingof Structure and Dynamics of Nafion\nProtonation States","volume":"123","author":"Sengupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.2c02106","article-title":"The Evolution of HydrogenBond\nNetwork\nin Nafion via Molecular Dynamics Simulation","volume":"56","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6075","DOI":"10.1021\/cr200424d","article-title":"Fuel Cell\nPerfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Membrane DegradationCorrelating Accelerated\nStress Testing and Lifetime","volume":"112","author":"Rodgers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15094","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.0c04417","article-title":"Uncovering Alternate Pathways to Nafion Membrane Degradationin\nFuel Cells with First-Principles Modeling","volume":"124","author":"Bajaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\nPhys. Chem. C"},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit31","unstructured":"European ChemicalsAgency.\n          , PFAS Restriction\nProposal(Media Briefing). https:\/\/echa.europa.eu\/documents\/10162\/2082415\/2023-02-07_pfas%2Bmedia%2Bbriefing_en.pdf\/1661579d-353a-2fb0-1062-38fc3eb4bd78?t=1675849038730, 2023; Accessed: Feb 15, 2025."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit32","unstructured":"National Institute for PublicHealth and the Environment (RIVM).\n          , PFAS Restriction Proposal. https:\/\/www.rivm.nl\/en\/pfas\/restriction-proposal, 2023; Accessed: Feb 15, 2025."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/pj.2017.11","article-title":"Fluorine-Free Sulfonated Aromatic Polymers as ProtonExchange\nMembranes","volume":"49","author":"Miyake","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. J."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-02444-5","article-title":"Could the\nWorld Go PFAS-free? Proposalto Ban \u2018Forever Chemicals\u2019\nFuels Debate","volume":"620","author":"Lim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.oprd.3c00199","article-title":"Proposal\nThat Would Ban Manufacture, Supply, and Useof All Fluoropolymers and\nMost Fluorinated Reagents within the EntireEU","volume":"27","author":"Tyrrell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Org. Process Res. Dev."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557-024-01593-y","article-title":"Neural-Network-BasedMolecular Dynamics\nSimulations Reveal That Proton Transport in WaterIs Doubly Gated by\nSequential Hydrogen-Bond Exchange","volume":"16","author":"Gomez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194506","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0040758","article-title":"The Hopping\nMechanism of the Hydrated Excess Protonand Its Contribution to Proton\nDiffusion in Water","volume":"154","author":"Arntsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.196400011","article-title":"Proton Transfer,\nAcid-Base Catalysis, and Enzymatic Hydrolysis. PartI: Elementary Processes","volume":"3","author":"Eigen","year":"1964","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1524\/zpch.1968.58.5_6.225","article-title":"Energieba\u0308nder\nDer Tunnelnden U\u0308berschu\u00df-Protonenin\nFlu\u0308ssigen Sa\u0308uren. Eine IR-spektroskopische UntersuchungDer\nNatur Der Gruppierungen H5 O2+","volume":"58","author":"Zundel","year":"1968","journal-title":"Z. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2614(95)00905-J","article-title":"The Grotthuss\nMechanism","volume":"244","author":"Agmon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9456","DOI":"10.1021\/jp804018y","article-title":"Special Pair Dance and Partner Selection:Elementary\nSteps in Proton\nTransport in Liquid Water","volume":"112","author":"Markovitch","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18672","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.1c08552","article-title":"Resolving the Structural Debate for the Hydrated ExcessProton\nin Water","volume":"143","author":"Calio","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1021\/ar200140h","article-title":"The Curious Caseof the Hydrated Proton","volume":"45","author":"Knight","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2016.43","article-title":"Ultrafast Proton Transport in Sub-1-NmDiameter\nCarbon Nanotube Porins","volume":"11","author":"Tunuguntla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8246","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44651-z","article-title":"Water Properties\nunder Nano-Scale Confinement","volume":"9","author":"Knight","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10775","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c02784","article-title":"Water Flow in Single-Wall Nanotubes: Oxygen Makes ItSlip,\nHydrogen Makes It Stick","volume":"16","author":"Thiemann","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.4c00274","article-title":"Confined Water\nfor Catalysis: Thermodynamic\nPropertiesand Reaction Kinetics","volume":"125","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17728","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c02053","article-title":"Protons Accumulate\nat the Graphene\u2013Water Interface","volume":"19","author":"Advincula","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS\nNano"},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.5c00172","article-title":"Why Proton GrotthussDiffusion\nSlows down at the Air\u2013Water Interface While WaterDiffusion\nAccelerates","volume":"16","author":"dela Puente","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes11050355","article-title":"OH- andH3O+\nDiffusion in Model AEMs and PEMs at Low\nHydration: Insights fromAb Initio Molecular Dynamics","volume":"11","author":"Zelovich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Membranes"},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.1c04071","article-title":"ControllingHydronium\nDiffusivity in Model Proton Exchange\nMembranes","volume":"13","author":"Zelovich","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2792","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.2c05747","article-title":"Hydroxide\nDiffusion in FunctionalizedCylindrical Nanopores\nas Idealized Models of Anion Exchange MembraneEnvironments: An Ab\nInitio Molecular Dynamics Study","volume":"127","author":"Long","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem.\nC"},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5560","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.3c01054","article-title":"Probing Confinement Effects on theInfrared\nSpectra of Water with Deep Potential Molecular Dynamics Simulations","volume":"14","author":"Calegari Andrade","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1039\/b109792j","article-title":"The Nature of ProtonTransport in Fully Hydrated Nafion\u00ae","volume":"4","author":"Paddison","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys.Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13655","DOI":"10.1021\/la401453e","article-title":"Determination of the Diffusion Coefficientof\nProtons in Nafion Thin Films by Ac-Electrogravimetry","volume":"29","author":"Sel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2103559","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202103559","article-title":"Fully HydrocarbonMembrane\nElectrode Assemblies for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cellsand Electrolyzers:\nAn Engineering Perspective","volume":"12","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3687","DOI":"10.1039\/D1SE00556A","article-title":"Hydrocarbon-Based Pemion Proton ExchangeMembrane\nFuel Cells with State-of-the-Art Performance","volume":"5","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainable Energy Fuels"},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300825","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202300825","article-title":"Thin Film Composite Membranes as\na New Category ofAlkaline Water Electrolysis Membranes","volume":"19","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23138","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c00152","article-title":"A Review of the Recent Advances in\nComposite Membranesfor\nHydrogen Generation Technologies","volume":"9","author":"Altaf","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2026102111100585000_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00310233","article-title":"Liquid CrystallinePolymers Containing\nMesogenic Units Based on Half-Disc\nand Rod-likeMoieties","volume":"25","author":"Percec","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. 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