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Herein, we develop a vapor-phase chemical intercalation strategy mediated by high-vapor-pressure zinc (Zn) to efficiently stabilize the transition metals (Ti, Nb, and V) with unsaturated d-orbitals in MXenes. This stabilization facilitates subsequent interlayer bonding via reaction with various metal vapors (Al, Ga, and In) at elevated temperatures, yielding a family of well-defined non-vdW solids with ultrathin layered structures. Moreover, this strategy is readily scalable, enabling the fabrication of a continuous non-vdW Al\u2013Ti3C2 film featuring a heterogeneous architecture with a reconstructed MAX-like bonded region and a locally unbonded MXene region. These structural features endow the non-vdW Al\u2013Ti3C2 film with exceptional mechanical flexibility, high-temperature oxidation resistance at 800 \u00b0C in air, and an electrical conductivity of \u223c10\u202f000 S cm\u20131. Consequently, the film demonstrates an electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of up to 47.9 dB at a thickness of 5 \u03bcm, along with durable infrared stealth performance under prolonged exposure at 500 \u00b0C for 48 h.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6c17656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T09:01:48Z","timestamp":1791795708000},"page":"45207-45215","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stabilization and Transformation\nof MXenes into Flexible\nand Thermal Oxidation-Resistant Non-van der Waals solids via Vapor-Phase\nChemical Intercalation"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"148","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2521-9191","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beihang University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100191"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beihang University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100191"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongju","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beihang University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100191"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3548-9625","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Riming","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jinan , , ,","place":["Jinan, China, 250022"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beihang University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100191"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9546-9458","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhiguo","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beihang University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100191"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9973-9785","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shubin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beihang University , , ,","place":["Beijing, China, 100191"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102111080458100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4207","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201190147","article-title":"Two-dimensional\nnanocrystals produced by exfoliation of Ti3AlC2","volume":"23","author":"Naguib","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026102111080458100_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf1581","article-title":"The world of two-dimensional carbides\nand nitrides (MXenes)","volume":"372","author":"VahidMohammadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026102111080458100_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.3c00241","article-title":"Atomic scale design\nof MXenes and their parent materials\u2500from theoretical and experimental\nperspectives","volume":"123","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"8088","key":"2026102111080458100_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09649-w","article-title":"Non-van der Waals superlattices\nof carbides and carbonitrides","volume":"647","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026102111080458100_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-024-00969-1","article-title":"Comprehensive\nsynthesis of Ti3C2Tx from MAX phase to MXene","volume":"19","author":"Downes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"2026102111080458100_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/s44160-022-00104-6","article-title":"Fundamentals\nof MXene synthesis","volume":"1","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Synth."},{"key":"2026102111080458100_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-020-0657-0","article-title":"A general Lewis acidic etching route\nfor preparing MXenes with enhanced electrochemical performance in\nnon-aqueous electrolyte","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2026102111080458100_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202103148","article-title":"Advances in\nthe synthesis of 2D MXenes","volume":"33","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026102111080458100_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.9b00348","article-title":"Rational design of\nflexible two-dimensional MXenes with multiple functionalities","volume":"119","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. 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Mater."},{"key":"2026102111080458100_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0109-z","article-title":"Thickness-independent\ncapacitance of vertically aligned liquid-crystalline MXenes","volume":"557","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026102111080458100_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nenergy.2017.105","article-title":"Ultra-high-rate\npseudocapacitive\nenergy storage in two-dimensional transition metal carbides","volume":"2","author":"Lukatskaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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Soc."},{"key":"2026102111080458100_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7186","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5c01643","article-title":"Solid intercalation and exfoliation of Cl-terminated\nmultilayered MXenes toward O-functionalized single layers","volume":"25","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2026102111080458100_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2016.98","article-title":"2D metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes)\nfor energy storage","volume":"2","author":"Anasori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"2026102111080458100_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201805472","article-title":"2D transition\nmetal carbides (MXenes) for carbon capture","volume":"31","author":"Persson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2026102111080458100_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-08169-8","article-title":"Control of MXenes\u2019 electronic properties through\ntermination and intercalation","volume":"10","author":"Hart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026102111080458100_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2016.02.059","article-title":"Fabrication and thermal\nstability of two-dimensional carbide Ti3C2 nanosheets","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026102111080458100_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.4416\/JCST2011-00018","article-title":"Electrical\nand thermal properties of Ti3AlC2 at high temperature","volume":"2","author":"Qian","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ceram. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026102111080458100_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202309392","article-title":"Large-scale,\nmechanically robust,\nsolvent-resistant, and antioxidant MXene-based composites for reliable\nlong-term infrared stealth","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"2026102111080458100_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201903125","article-title":"Reduced graphene oxide\u2013based\nspectrally selective absorber\nwith an extremely low thermal emittance and high solar absorptance","volume":"7","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"2026102111080458100_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s42114-024-01001-6","article-title":"Lightweight double-layer structured ANF\/MXene aerogel film with electromagnetic\ninterference shielding and dynamic infrared camouflage","volume":"7","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater."},{"key":"2026102111080458100_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202101381","article-title":"Ultrathin titanium\ncarbide (MXene)\nfilms for high-temperature thermal camouflage","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2026102111080458100_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg2026","article-title":"High-strength scalable MXene films\nthrough bridging-induced densification","volume":"374","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102111080458100_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0927-0256(96)00008-0","article-title":"Efficiency\nof ab-initio total energy calculations for\nmetals and semiconductors using a plane-wave basis set","volume":"6","author":"Kresse","year":"1996","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Sci."},{"issue":"16","key":"2026102111080458100_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.54.11169","article-title":"Efficient iterative schemes for ab\ninitio total-energy\ncalculations using a plane-wave basis set","volume":"54","author":"Kresse","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys.\nRev. B"},{"issue":"18","key":"2026102111080458100_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.77.3865","article-title":"Generalized\ngradient approximation\nmade simple","volume":"77","author":"Perdew","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2026102111080458100_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5188","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.13.5188","article-title":"Special points for\nBrillouin-zone integrations","volume":"13","author":"Monkhorst","year":"1976","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. 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Catal."},{"key":"2026102111080458100_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba7977","article-title":"Anomalous absorption of electromagnetic\nwaves by 2D\ntransition metal carbonitride Ti3CNTx (MXene)","volume":"369","author":"Iqbal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American\nChemical Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/jacs.6c17656","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jacsat\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1021\/jacs.6c17656\/68817739\/jacs.6c17656.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jacsat\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1021\/jacs.6c17656\/68817739\/jacs.6c17656.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T15:25:15Z","timestamp":1792596315000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jacsat\/article\/148\/41\/45207\/5448875\/Stabilization-and-Transformation-of-MXenes-into"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"41","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jacs.6c17656","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-7863","1520-5126"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-7863","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5126","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]}}}