{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T04:58:38Z","timestamp":1785473918429,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019024","name":"Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22GPNUZDJS35"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22GPNUZDJS35"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010226","name":"Department of Education of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021ZDZX4051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZDZX4051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010256","name":"Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023B03J1393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023B03J1393"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010256","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017691","name":"Guangxi Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AB24010117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AB24010117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023A1515012033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515012033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024A1515010624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515010624"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Photorechargeable zinc-ion batteries (PR-ZIBs) offer an attractive route to integrate solar-energy harvesting with electrochemical storage; however, mechanistic understanding of how photogenerated charges are involved in the energy storage chemistry and how to rigorously quantify the photoelectric conversion efficiency remains incomplete. Herein, a heterojunction photoelectrode with TiO2 nanowires\/MoS2 nanosheets in situ grown on the surface of carbon cloth (CC\/TiO2@MoS2) was designed to enhance light absorption capacity and charge separation efficiency, thereby improving photoresponse performance and overall battery performance. By systematically benchmarking three charging protocols: conventional galvanostatic charging in the dark, light-assisted electrochemical charging, and light-only charging under an open-circuit-voltage (OCV) model, it is found that photogenerated carriers markedly promote Zn2+ deintercalation and increase the contribution of electric double-layer capacitance. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations corroborate light-enhanced ion kinetics, indicating a substantially reduced Zn2+ migration barrier across the TiO2\/MoS2 interface and a lowered maximum barrier along the diffusion pathway. Moreover, synchronous voltage\u2013time and current\u2013time measurements further reveal that the apparent photovoltage recovery during OCV light-only charging occurs without external electron flow, originating instead from electrode\/electrolyte interfacial processes. Accordingly, a self-charging-corrected OCV-based protocol is proposed to quantify the net photocharging energy-recovery efficiency. This approach effectively eliminates spurious signals introduced by intrinsic polarization, yielding an OCV-based conversion efficiency \u03b7OCV of 2.13% for the CC\/TiO2\/MoS2 system. Overall, this work deepens the understanding of photogenerated carrier participation in Zn-ion storage and presents an innovative approach for evaluating photoelectric conversion efficiency, laying a foundation for the future development of high-performance light-assisted energy storage systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/jacsau.6c00282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:57:32Z","timestamp":1781110652000},"page":"3713-3725","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Charging-Mode-Resolved\nEnergy-Storage Mechanisms in\nTiO2\/MoS2-Enabled Photorechargeable Zinc-Ion\nBatteries"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Meng","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510225"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangyu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510642"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donghui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510642"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiongzhi","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510642"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2362-7776","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xin","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510642"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6184-0201","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shengsen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510642"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixing","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510225"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaosong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lingnan Normal University , , , ,","place":["Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China, 524048"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangqi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510665"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1210-1944","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Siyuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Agricultural University , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510642"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"51","key":"2026073100171469000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202410398","article-title":"Emerging advanced\nphoto-rechargeable batteries","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. 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Energy Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073100171469000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esen.2026.100026","article-title":"Photo-enhanced reaction engineering for advanced lithium\u2013sulfur\nbatteries: From mechanisms and materials to system design","volume":"2","author":"Zhao","year":"2026","journal-title":"eScience Energy"},{"key":"2026073100171469000_cit5","article-title":"Photo-powered\nall-in-one energy harvesting and storage\nfibers towards low-carbon smart wearables","volume":"65","author":"Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy\nStorage Mater."},{"key":"2026073100171469000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.163211","article-title":"Mechanistic\ninsights of rGO\/CdS-MoS2 heterostructure\nfor a 23.1% capacity boost in photo-rechargeable lithium-sulfur batteries","volume":"514","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"2026073100171469000_cit7","article-title":"Complementary weaknesses: A Win-win\napproach for rGO\/CdS to improve\nthe energy conversion performance of integrated photorechargeable\nLi-S batteries","volume":"63","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"2026073100171469000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2025.05.041","article-title":"Decoupling\nlight-assisted and pure-light\ncharging mechanisms in TiO2-based photorechargeable Li-ion\nbatteries","volume":"109","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Energy Chem."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026073100171469000_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202307790","article-title":"Accelerated confined\nmass transfer of MoS2 1D nanotube\nin photo-assisted metal\u2013air batteries","volume":"36","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. 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Mater."},{"issue":"36","key":"2026073100171469000_cit23","article-title":"Photo-stimulated Zn-based batteries: progress, challenges,\nand perspectives","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"2026073100171469000_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2025.07.051","article-title":"Interfacial engineering of MoS2\/PPy heterodimensional\nphotocathode for high-efficiency photo-rechargeable\nzinc-ion batteries","volume":"111","author":"Wen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Energy Chem."},{"key":"2026073100171469000_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202309555","article-title":"3D Hierarchical sunflower-shaped\nMoS2\/SnO2 photocathodes for photo-rechargeable\nZinc ion batteries","volume":"11","author":"Wen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. 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Sci."},{"key":"2026073100171469000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2026.176249","article-title":"Dissecting\nphoto-assisted and light-only charging mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries\nenabled by hierarchical Ni\/TiO2@CdS\/Ni3S2 photoelectrodes","volume":"537","author":"Wei","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026073100171469000_cit34","first-page":"92","article-title":"Ultrafast Sulfur Redox\nDynamics Enabled by a PPy@N-TiO2 Z-Scheme Heterojunction\nPhotoelectrode for Photo-Assisted Lithium-Sulfur Batteries","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nanomicro Lett."},{"issue":"35","key":"2026073100171469000_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202402978","article-title":"Developing a Multifunctional Cathode for Photoassisted\nLithium-Sulfur Battery","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026073100171469000_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adsu.201700166","article-title":"Light-induced charge\nseparation in mixed electronic\/ionic\nsemiconductor driving lithium-ion transfer for photo-rechargeable\nelectrode","volume":"2","author":"Andriamiadamanana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Sustain. Syst."},{"key":"2026073100171469000_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.03.029","article-title":"Weakness-complementing Z-scheme black\nphosphorus\/TiO2 heterojunction\nwith efficient charge separation and photocatalytic overall water\nsplitting activity","volume":"689","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"2026073100171469000_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2024.110822","article-title":"Photo-rechargeable\nlithium-ions batteries based on V2O5 nanorods\/TiO2 heterostructure","volume":"84","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"2026073100171469000_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.130511","article-title":"The defect\nis perfect: MoS2\/TiO2 modified with unsaturated\nMo vacancies to construct Z-scheme heterojunction & improve mobility\nof e","volume":"337","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"2026073100171469000_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202103558","article-title":"Light-motivated\nSnO2\/TiO2 heterojunctions enabling the breakthrough\nin energy density\nfor lithium-ion batteries","volume":"33","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026073100171469000_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.6b03192","article-title":"MoS2\u2013Ni3S2 heteronanorods as efficient and stable bifunctional\nelectrocatalysts for overall water splitting","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"2026073100171469000_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2018.09.040","article-title":"2H- and 1T-\nmixed phase\nfew-layer MoS2 as a superior to Pt co-catalyst coated on\nTiO2 nanorod arrays for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution","volume":"241","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. catal. B. Enveron"},{"key":"2026073100171469000_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2018.09.040","article-title":"2H- and 1T-\nmixed phase\nfew-layer MoS2 as a superior to Pt co-catalyst coated on\nTiO2 nanorod arrays for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution","volume":"241","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. catal. B. Enveron"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026073100171469000_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12935","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.4c01281","article-title":"Synergistic photocatalytic CO2 reduction and methanol\noxidation via self-photogenerated oxygen vacancy-rich TiO2 nanostructures","volume":"7","author":"Mao","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"issue":"28","key":"2026073100171469000_cit45","article-title":"Influence\nof Diffusion Field Alterations on Reactant and Intermediate Adsorption\nin Oxygen Reduction Pathways","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mate."},{"key":"2026073100171469000_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.130117","article-title":"All-solid-state\nred phosphorus\/RGO\/WO3 Z-scheme heterostructure for photocatalytic\noverall water splitting","volume":"357","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"2026073100171469000_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.137448","article-title":"An oxygen-deficient strategy to boost\nlithium storage of metal-organic framework-derived ZnTiO3\/TiO2\/C composite anodes","volume":"450","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem.\nEng. J."},{"key":"2026073100171469000_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2024.235854","article-title":"The photoelectrode\nof photo-rechargeable zinc-ion batteries: design,\nprogress","volume":"628","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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