{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:46:56Z","timestamp":1792784816507,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["RS-2024-00466554"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00466554"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["RS-2025-02303249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-02303249"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Water electrolyzers are key technologies for enabling a carbon-neutral society by facilitating sustainable hydrogen production. Despite extensive efforts to develop highly active catalysts, a persistent gap remains between catalyst performance evaluated in rotating disk electrode (RDE) systems and that achieved in practical membrane electrode assembly (MEA) configurations. In this perspective, we highlight the origins of this discrepancy and emphasize that intrinsic catalytic activity alone is insufficient to predict electrolyzer performance. Using the acidic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) as a model system, we demonstrate that apparent activity metrics such as mass activity and Tafel slope can be significantly influenced by catalyst loading, composition, and measurement conditions in RDE, often leading to misleading conclusions. In contrast, MEA performance is governed by complex interfacial phenomena including mass, electron, and charge transport. A similar behavior was also observed for alkaline HER and acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). We further present case studies illustrating the critical roles of electron transfer and durability in water electrolyzers. In addition, recent advances in proton-exchange-membrane water electrolyzer commercialization are discussed, highlighting the importance of system-level optimization, including ionomer distribution control and scalable manufacturing via slot-die coating, which enabled the deployment of a 2.5 MW system. Overall, bridging the gap between laboratory catalyst research and industrial water electrolyzer applications requires a shift from catalyst-centric design toward integrated system-level engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/jacsau.6c01104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:01:47Z","timestamp":1786975307000},"page":"4875-4887","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bridging the Gap\nBetween Laboratory Catalyst Research\nand Practical Water Electrolyzer Commercialization"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Sujin","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Daejeon, South Korea, 34141"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianshu","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University , , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361102"]},{"name":"Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM) , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361102"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeseong","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Daejeon, South Korea, 34141"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9879-4790","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nanfeng","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University , , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361102"]},{"name":"Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM) , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361102"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4538-9086","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hyunjoo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , , ,","place":["Daejeon, South Korea, 34141"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua Bing","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University , , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361102"]},{"name":"Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM) , ,","place":["Xiamen, China, 361102"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8011","key":"2026092808093793500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07322-2","article-title":"The refinery\nof the future","volume":"629","author":"Vogt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026092808093793500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4941","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.3c02000","article-title":"Applying Plasmonic\nCatalyst in CO\nElectrolyzer for Enhancing Energy Efficiency","volume":"8","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092808093793500_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202512414","article-title":"Bridging Laboratory\nCatalysts with Industrial Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers","volume":"38","author":"Rong","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. 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Electrochem. Soc."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092808093793500_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.1c00246","article-title":"Is There Anything\nBetter than Pt for HER?","volume":"6","author":"Hansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"2026092808093793500_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2021.100832","article-title":"Limitations of aqueous\nmodel systems in the stability assessment of electrocatalysts for\noxygen reactions in fuel cell and electrolyzers","volume":"29","author":"Ehelebe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. 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Soc."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092808093793500_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.3c01439","article-title":"Unraveling\nand Resolving the Inconsistencies in Tafel Analysis for\nHydrogen Evolution Reactions","volume":"10","author":"Wan","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"key":"2026092808093793500_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2025.238272","article-title":"Mass activity of\nsupported Ir electrocatalysts for acidic OER: How variation in Ir\nloading during thin-film RDE investigations can lead to inaccurate\nactivity enhancements","volume":"658","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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Mater. Interfaces"},{"issue":"28","key":"2026092808093793500_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2402780","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202402780","article-title":"Optimizing Ionomer Distribution\nin Anode Catalyst Layer for Stable\nProton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026092808093793500_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16408","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c03318","article-title":"Constructing Robust\n3D Ionomer Networks in the Catalyst Layer to\nAchieve Stable Water Electrolysis for Green Hydrogen Production","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. 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Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026092808093793500_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.1039\/D2EE01023B","article-title":"Large-scale hydrogen\nproduction via water electrolysis: a techno-economic and environmental\nassessment","volume":"15","author":"Terlouw","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Environ. 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