{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T17:17:48Z","timestamp":1788455868364,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007000","name":"Laboratory Directed Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007000","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008287","name":"Science and Technology Directorate","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["70RSAT24KPM000047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["70RSAT24KPM000047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008287","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Detecting vapor from drugs and explosives is challenging due to their extremely low vapor pressures, often in the parts-per-trillion (pptv) to parts-per-quadrillion (ppqv) range. Atmospheric flow tube\u2013mass spectrometry (AFT-MS) overcomes this limitation by extending ion\u2013molecule reaction times, achieving detection of ppqv levels of vapor and femtogram levels of residue. However, the prior AFT-MS system was large (\u223c435 lbs.), limiting field deployment. To enhance portability, the AFT was integrated with a miniaturized, ruggedized, field-portable linear ion trap mass spectrometer (\u223c45 lbs.). This work presents results demonstrating the feasibility of portable AFT-MS for detecting illicit drugs and explosives in the field. Initial tests of the AFT with the portable MS were conducted to detect trace vapors from both solutions and residues. Real-time detection of fentanyl vapor from residue indicates detection levels of less than 100 ppqv based on the equilibrium vapor pressure of fentanyl. Adjusting ionization parameters, sampling speeds, trapping times, pressure levels, and system timing revealed pathways for further sensitivity enhancements. Early field tests at a U.S. Customs and Border Protection port of entry confirmed the ability of the system to simultaneously detect multiple drugs in complex mixtures. This is the first demonstration of portable vapor detection with AFT-MS, achieving subpptv-level sensitivity for real-time field detection of drugs and explosives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/jasms.6c00153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T22:01:19Z","timestamp":1787176879000},"page":"2112-2118","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Field-Portable Vapor\nand Trace Residue Detection of\nDrugs and Explosives"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5749-2411","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert G.","family":"Ewing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , 902 Battelle Boulevard , P.O. Box 999, MSIN P7-50, , ,","place":["Richland, Washington, United States, 99352"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4150-5043","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elizabeth H.","family":"Denis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , , ,","place":["Seattle, Washington, United States, 98109"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon E.","family":"Schrader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , 902 Battelle Boulevard , P.O. Box 999, MSIN P7-50, , ,","place":["Richland, Washington, United States, 99352"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garret L.","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , 902 Battelle Boulevard , P.O. Box 999, MSIN P7-50, , ,","place":["Richland, Washington, United States, 99352"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan K.","family":"Nims","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , 902 Battelle Boulevard , P.O. Box 999, MSIN P7-50, , ,","place":["Richland, Washington, United States, 99352"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krisztian G.","family":"Torma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BaySpec, Inc. , , ,","place":["San Jose, California, United States, 95131"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BaySpec, Inc. , , ,","place":["San Jose, California, United States, 95131"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BaySpec, Inc. , , ,","place":["San Jose, California, United States, 95131"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090311505722200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64104-5.00013-8","article-title":"Trace detection\nof explosives by ion mobility spectrometry","volume-title":"Counterterrorist Detection Techniques Of Explosives","author":"DeBono","year":"2022"},{"issue":"20","key":"2026090311505722200_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6485","DOI":"10.1039\/D0AN00691B","article-title":"Non-contact vapor\ndetection of illicit\ndrugs via atmospheric flow tube-mass spectrometry","volume":"145","author":"Morrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"2026090311505722200_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2025.118337","article-title":"Vapor pressures\nof explosives and\ndrugs","volume":"191","author":"Ewing","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026090311505722200_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1117\/12.266784","article-title":"Detection of cocaine in cargo containers\nby high-volume vapour sampling: Field test at Port of Miami","volume-title":"Proceedings Chemistry-and Biology-Based Technologies for\nContraband Detection","author":"Neudorfl","year":"1997"},{"issue":"21","key":"2026090311505722200_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4888","DOI":"10.1039\/D2AN01149B","article-title":"Vapor detection\nand vapor pressure measurements of\nfentanyl and fentanyl hydrochloride salt at ambient temperatures","volume":"147","author":"Ewing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"issue":"22","key":"2026090311505722200_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10977","DOI":"10.1021\/ac402513r","article-title":"Direct\nreal-time detection of vapors\nfrom explosive compounds","volume":"85","author":"Ewing","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090311505722200_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1021\/jasms.1c00320","article-title":"Proton\nAffinity Values of Fentanyl\nand Fentanyl Analogues Pertinent to Ambient Ionization and Detection","volume":"33","author":"Denis","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090311505722200_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b03070","article-title":"Miniature and Fieldable\nMass Spectrometers: Recent Advances","volume":"88","author":"Snyder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026090311505722200_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijms.2021.116735","article-title":"Ambient ionisation\nmass spectrometry for the trace detection of explosives using a portable\nmass spectrometer","volume":"471","author":"Burns","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"2026090311505722200_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2022.110889","article-title":"Review and prospect\non portable mass spectrometer for recent applications","volume":"199","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"2026090311505722200_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anchem-061522-040824","article-title":"Portable Instrumentation for Ambient\nIonization and Miniature Mass Spectrometers","volume":"17","author":"Smith","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"17","key":"2026090311505722200_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9111","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c01223","article-title":"Miniaturization\nof Mass Spectrometry Systems: An Overview of Recent Advancements and\na Perspective on Future Directions","volume":"97","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090311505722200_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1007\/s13361-016-1562-2","article-title":"Analytical Validation of a Portable\nMass Spectrometer Featuring Interchangeable, Ambient Ionization Sources\nfor High Throughput Forensic Evidence Screening","volume":"28","author":"Lawton","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"2026090311505722200_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2015.04.044","article-title":"Rapid analysis\nof synthetic cannabinoids using a miniature mass spectrometer with\nambient ionization capability","volume":"142","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"2026090311505722200_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112381","article-title":"Technical\nnote: Evaluation of a transportable\nlinear ion trap mass spectrometer for seized drug screening operated\nunder controlled laboratory conditions","volume":"367","author":"Couch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Forensic\nSci. Int."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American\nSociety for Mass Spectrometry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/jasms.6c00153","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jamsef\/article-pdf\/37\/9\/2112\/66884920\/jasms.6c00153.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jamsef\/article-pdf\/37\/9\/2112\/66884920\/jasms.6c00153.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:26:19Z","timestamp":1788452779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jamsef\/article\/37\/9\/2112\/5277074\/Field-Portable-Vapor-and-Trace-Residue-Detection"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jasms.6c00153","relation":{},"ISSN":["1044-0305","1879-1123"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1044-0305","type":"print"},{"value":"1879-1123","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]}}}