{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T17:15:58Z","timestamp":1788455758755,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 GM149786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 GM149786"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Relative to liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization (ESI), paper spray ionization (PSI) can more rapidly ionize analytes from complex matrices with less sample preparation and less expensive instrumentation. However, matrix effects can lead to ion suppression and poorer sensitivity. To overcome these problems, we combined on-paper faradaic ion concentration polarization (f-ICP), a form of electrokinetic stacking, with PSI to preconcentrate analytes directly on the spray substrate prior to ionization. Electrokinetic stacking also enables desalting because of the separation of analyte molecules from small ions like sodium. 3D-printed cartridges containing chemically modified PTFE papers were utilized with a high voltage isolated power supply to perform on-paper stacking from the same device as paper spray. In this study, ion suppression was compared for paper spray with and without electrokinetic stacking in the presence of five salts and artificial urine at varying concentrations. The signal enhancement achieved for f-ICP\/PSI relative to normal PSI was also quantified. Finally, the effect of salt type and concentration on stacking time was assessed. Increasing salt concentrations generally results in longer stacking times and increased currents, indicative of increasing quantities of charge being desalted. In the presence of single salt-containing matrices, f-ICP\/PSI frequently decreased ion suppression and gave a signal enhancement of 2 to &amp;gt;200\u00d7 for small molecule drugs compared to unstacked paper spray (uPSI). In artificial urine, a more complex matrix with various salts and metabolites, f-ICP\/PSI did not reliably decrease matrix effects due to creatinine and other matrix components costacking with the analytes. Nevertheless, f-ICP\/PSI still resulted in signal enhancements of 8 to &amp;gt;50\u00d7 relative to uPSI due to analyte preconcentration from electrokinetic stacking. Overall, this research demonstrated that f-ICP\/PSI results in significant sensitivity improvements relative to uPSI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/jasms.6c00238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T20:02:12Z","timestamp":1786651332000},"page":"2201-2214","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Salt and\nUrine Matrices on Electrokinetic\nStacking Coupled to Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Jamison R.","family":"Polley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University Indianapolis , 402 N Blackford St. , , ,","place":["Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, 46202"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varadaraju V.","family":"Dyavegowda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University Indianapolis , 402 N Blackford St. , , ,","place":["Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, 46202"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lahiru","family":"Wedasingha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University Indianapolis , 402 N Blackford St. , , ,","place":["Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, 46202"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4553-5143","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Merlin L.","family":"Bruening","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Notre Dame , , ,","place":["Notre Dame, Indiana, United States, 46556"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2296-0497","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicholas E.","family":"Manicke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University Indianapolis , 402 N Blackford St. , , ,","place":["Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, 46202"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026090311511592600_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26010093","article-title":"In situ separation and analysis of lipids by paper spray ionization\nmass spectrometry","volume":"26","author":"Kal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090311511592600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1007\/s13361-011-0177-x","article-title":"Quantitative\nAnalysis of Therapeutic Drugs in Dried Blood Spot Samples by Paper\nSpray Mass Spectrometry: An Avenue to Therapeutic Drug Monitoring","volume":"22","author":"Manicke","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"2026090311511592600_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2012.08.011","article-title":"Preparation\nof urine samples prior to targeted or untargeted\nmetabolomics mass-spectrometry analysis","volume":"41","author":"Ferna\u0301ndez-Peralbo","year":"2012","journal-title":"TrAC,\nTrends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026090311511592600_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2019.06.028","article-title":"Paper spray\nionization: Applications and perspectives","volume":"118","author":"McBride","year":"2019","journal-title":"TrAC,\nTrends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026090311511592600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2015.01.010","article-title":"Paper spray ionization\nmass spectrometry: study of a method for fast-screening analysis of\npesticides in fruits and vegetables","volume":"41","author":"Evard","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food\nCompos. Anal."},{"key":"2026090311511592600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315146836-12","article-title":"Paper spray mass\nspectrometry and related techniques applied to food and environmental\nanalysis","volume-title":"Ambient Mass Spectroscopy Techniques\nin Food and the Environment","author":"Binatti","year":"2019"},{"issue":"30","key":"2026090311511592600_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4400","DOI":"10.1039\/c7ay01091e","article-title":"Paper\nspray ionization mass spectrometry applied to forensic chemistry\u2013drugs\nof abuse, inks and questioned documents","volume":"9","author":"Domingos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal.\nMethods"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090311511592600_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13370","article-title":"A new quantitative\ndrug checking technology for harm\nreduction: Pilot study in Vancouver, Canada using paper spray mass\nspectrometry","volume":"41","author":"Borden","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026090311511592600_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.4431","article-title":"Paper spray mass\nspectrometry: A new drug checking\ntool for harm reduction in the opioid overdose crisis","volume":"54","author":"Vandergrift","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090311511592600_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1007\/s13361-015-1322-8","article-title":"Ionization\nsuppression and recovery in direct biofluid analysis using paper spray\nmass spectrometry","volume":"27","author":"Vega","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090311511592600_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1080\/14789450.2018.1525295","article-title":"Paper spray\nionization mass spectrometry:\nrecent advances and clinical applications","volume":"15","author":"Chiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert\nRev. Proteomics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090311511592600_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.21601","article-title":"Emerging\ntrends in paper spray mass\nspectrometry: Microsampling, storage, direct analysis, and applications","volume":"39","author":"Frey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090311511592600_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b04278","article-title":"Direct biofluid analysis using hydrophobic paper spray\nmass spectrometry","volume":"88","author":"Damon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090311511592600_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1021\/jasms.9b00069","article-title":"Teflon Spray Ionization\nMass Spectrometry","volume":"31","author":"Narayanan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026090311511592600_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4065","DOI":"10.1039\/C6AN00649C","article-title":"Improving\nthe analytical performance\nand versatility of paper spray mass spectrometry via paper microfluidics","volume":"141","author":"Murray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"issue":"24","key":"2026090311511592600_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1039\/C8AY01081A","article-title":"Polystyrene-impregnated\npaper substrates for direct mass spectrometric analysis of proteins\nand peptides in complex matrices","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. 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Mass Spectrom."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090311511592600_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1039\/C4AN01688B","article-title":"Direct analysis of\nin-gel proteins by carbon nanotubes-modified paper spray ambient mass\nspectrometry","volume":"140","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"issue":"52","key":"2026090311511592600_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14503","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201407057","article-title":"Development of coated blade spray ionization mass spectrometry\nfor the quantitation of target analytes present in complex matrices","volume":"53","author":"Go\u0301mez-Ri\u0301os","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. 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Soc."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090311511592600_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c06786","article-title":"Analysis of Proteins\nand Peptides by Electrokinetic Stacking Coupled with Paper Spray Mass\nSpectrometry","volume":"98","author":"Wedasingha","year":"2026","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090311511592600_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.21921","article-title":"Electrokinetic Manipulations Combined\nWith Direct and Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry","volume":"45","author":"Manicke","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom. Rev."},{"issue":"25","key":"2026090311511592600_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202401729","article-title":"Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry with\nOn-Paper Electrokinetic Manipulations: Part-Per-Trillion Detection\nof Per\/Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Water and Opioids in Urine","volume":"63","author":"Rydberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090311511592600_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3390\/separations10010058","article-title":"Highly Sensitive In-Capillary Derivatization\nand Field Amplified Sample Stacking to Analyze Narcotic Drugs in Human\nSerum by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis","volume":"10","author":"Malak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Separations"},{"key":"2026090311511592600_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2020.06.021","article-title":"Tutorial review:\nEnrichment and separation of neutral\nand charged species by ion concentration polarization focusing","volume":"1128","author":"Berzina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"2026090311511592600_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112005005975","article-title":"Dynamics of field-amplified\nsample stacking","volume":"543","author":"Bharadwaj","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"2026090311511592600_cit33","unstructured":"Rydberg, M. P.\n          \n          Expanding the\nCapabilities of Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry: High-Throughput Drug\nScreening and On-Paper Electrokinetic Stacking; Doctor\nof Philosophy; Purdue University, 2024."},{"key":"2026090311511592600_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"arXiv.1801.01462","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1801.01462","article-title":"Theoretical limits and scaling laws\nfor electrokinetic molecular concentration via ion concentration polarization","author":"Ouyang","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"issue":"08","key":"2026090311511592600_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1750107","DOI":"10.1142\/s1758825117501071","article-title":"Accurate multi-physics\nnumerical analysis of particle preconcentration based on ion concentration\npolarization","volume":"09","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"2026090311511592600_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"arXiv.1910.13692","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1910.13692","article-title":"Secondary Concentration Plateau and\nFormation of Flow Stagnation by Ion Concentration Polarization in\nMicrochannels","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090311511592600_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56693-4","article-title":"A\nnew artificial urine protocol to\nbetter imitate human urine","volume":"9","author":"Sarigul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090311511592600_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1373\/49.7.1041","article-title":"Ion suppression\nin mass spectrometry","volume":"49","author":"Annesley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"2026090311511592600_cit39","volume-title":"Fundamental Statistics\nfor Behavioral Sciences","author":"McCall","year":"1990"},{"key":"2026090311511592600_cit40","volume-title":"An Introduction to\nError Analysis: The Study of Uncertainties in Physical Measurements","author":"Taylor","year":"2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090311511592600_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.070c.025","article-title":"Notes on\nthe use of propagation of error formulas","volume":"70C","author":"Ku","year":"1966","journal-title":"J.\nRes. Natl. Bur. Stand., C"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090311511592600_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1982.tb01195.x","article-title":"The statistical\nanalysis of compositional data","volume":"44","author":"Aitchison","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Roy. Stat.\nSoc. 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Stat."},{"key":"2026090311511592600_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis\nfor the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026090311511592600_cit49","volume-title":"Statistical Methods for\nmeta-analysis","author":"Hedges","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026090311511592600_cit50","first-page":"221","article-title":"Effect\nsizes for continuous data","volume-title":"Handbook of\nResearch Synthesis and Meta-Analysis","author":"Borenstein","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026090311511592600_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62627","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863","article-title":"Calculating\nand reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical\nprimer for t-tests and ANOVAs","volume":"4","author":"Lakens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090311511592600_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986006002107","article-title":"Distribution\ntheory for Glass\u2019s estimator of effect size and related estimators","volume":"6","author":"Hedges","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Educ. Stat."},{"key":"2026090311511592600_cit53","volume-title":"Data Reduction and\nError Analysis","author":"Bevington","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026090311511592600_cit54","volume-title":"Electrochemical Methods:\nFundamentals and Applications","author":"Bard","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American\nSociety for Mass Spectrometry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/jasms.6c00238","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jamsef\/article-pdf\/37\/9\/2201\/66535405\/jasms.6c00238.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jamsef\/article-pdf\/37\/9\/2201\/66535405\/jasms.6c00238.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:23:30Z","timestamp":1788452610000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jamsef\/article\/37\/9\/2201\/5254809\/Impact-of-Salt-and-Urine-Matrices-on"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jasms.6c00238","relation":{},"ISSN":["1044-0305","1879-1123"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1044-0305","type":"print"},{"value":"1879-1123","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]}}}