{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T22:17:09Z","timestamp":1788387429015,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,26]],"date-time":"2015-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_ccby_termsofuse.html"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Botulism is caused by exposure to botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs). BoNTs are proteins secreted by some species of clostridia; these neurotoxins are known to interfere with nerve impulse transmission, thus causing paralysis. Botulism may be contracted through consumption of food either naturally or intentionally contaminated with BoNT. The human lethal dose of BoNT is not known but is estimated to be between 0.1 and 70 \u03bcg; thus, it is important to be able to detect small amounts of this toxin in foods to ensure food safety and to identify the source of an outbreak. Our laboratory previously reported on the development of Endopep-MS, a mass-spectrometric-based endopeptidase method for the detection and differentiation of BoNT. This method can detect BoNT at levels below the historic standard mouse bioassay in clinical samples such as serum, stool, and culture supernatants. We have now expanded this assay to detect BoNT in over 50 foods including representative products that were involved in actual botulism investigations. The foods tested by the Endopep-MS included those with various acidities, viscosities, and fat levels. Dairy and culturally diverse products were also included. This work demonstrates that the Endopep-MS method can be used to detect BoNT\/A, \/B, \/E, and \/F in foods at levels spiked below that of the limit of detection of the mouse bioassay. Furthermore, we successfully applied this method to investigate several foods associated with botulism outbreaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/jf505482b","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,10]],"date-time":"2015-01-10T15:22:14Z","timestamp":1420903334000},"page":"1133-1141","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Detection\nof Botulinum Toxins A, B, E, and F in Foods\nby Endopep-MS"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Suzanne R.","family":"Kalb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , , 4770 Buford Highway Northeast , , ,","place":["Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 30341"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan C.","family":"Krilich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Battelle Memorial Institute under Contract at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 2987 Clairmont Road Northeast , , ,","place":["Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 30329"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet K.","family":"Dykes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , , , ,","place":["Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 30329"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Lu\u0301quez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , , , ,","place":["Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 30329"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan E.","family":"Maslanka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , , , ,","place":["Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 30329"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , , 4770 Buford Highway Northeast , , ,","place":["Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 30341"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090218005297800_cit1","volume-title":"Botulism in the\nUnited States, 1899\u20131996","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026090218005297800_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.2.717","article-title":"Neurotoxins affecting neuroexocytosis","volume":"80","author":"Schiavo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol. 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Chem."},{"key":"2026090218005297800_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/365160a0","article-title":"Botulinum\nneurotoxin A selectively cleaves the synaptic protein SNAP-25","volume":"365","author":"Blasi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026090218005297800_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2630","DOI":"10.1021\/bi9519009","article-title":"Botulinum\nneurotoxin C1 cleaves both syntaxin and SNAP-25 in intact and permeabilized\nchromaffin cells: correlation with its blockade of catecholamine release","volume":"35","author":"Foran","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026090218005297800_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1038\/359832a0","article-title":"Tetanus and\nbotulinum-B neurotoxins block neurotransmitter release by proteolytic\ncleavage of synaptobrevin","volume":"359","author":"Schiavo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026090218005297800_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)31976-2","article-title":"Botulinum\nG neurotoxin cleaves VAMP\/synaptobrevin at a single Ala-Ala peptide\nbond","volume":"269","author":"Schiavo","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2026090218005297800_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23784","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(20)80452-9","article-title":"Identification\nof the nerve terminal targets of botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A,\nD, and E","volume":"268","author":"Schiavo","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2026090218005297800_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(93)80448-4","article-title":"Botulinum\nneurotoxins serotypes A and E cleave SNAP-25 at distinct COOH-terminal\npeptide bonds","volume":"335","author":"Schiavo","year":"1993","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"2026090218005297800_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11516","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)50230-7","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxin serotype F is a zinc endopeptidase\nspecific for VAMP\/synaptobrevin","volume":"268","author":"Schiavo","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biol. 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Dis."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026090218005297800_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins5112212","article-title":"A monoclonal antibody based capture\nELISA for botulinum neurotoxin serotype B: toxin detection in food","volume":"5","author":"Stanker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090218005297800_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1021\/jf3041963","article-title":"Detection of botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A and B\nusing a chemiluminescent versus electrochemiluminescent immunoassay\nin food and serum","volume":"61","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Fooc Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090218005297800_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.6310","article-title":"An electrochemiluminescence\nassay\nfor the detection of bio threat agents in selected food matrices and\nin the screening of Clostridium botulinum outbreak\nstrains associated with type A botulism","volume":"94","author":"Sachdeva","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\nSci. Food. Agric."},{"key":"2026090218005297800_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1110.041279","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxin detection and differentiation\nby mass spectrometry","volume":"11","author":"Barr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerging Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026090218005297800_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2006.01.027","article-title":"The use of Endopep-MS\nfor the detection\nof botulinum toxins A, B, E, and F in serum and stool samples","volume":"351","author":"Kalb","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"2026090218005297800_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijms.2008.04.004","article-title":"The use of Endopep-MS to detect multiple\nsubtypes of botulinum neurotoxins A, B, E, and F","volume":"278","author":"Kalb","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"2026090218005297800_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1504\/TBJ.2012.050194","article-title":"Detection, differentiation,\nand subtyping of botulinum toxins A, B, E, and F by mass spectrometry","volume":"2","author":"Kalb","year":"2012","journal-title":"Botulinum J."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090218005297800_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5355","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005355","article-title":"Extraction and Inhibition of Enzymatic Activity of\nBoNT\/A1, \/A2, and \/A3 by a Panel of Monoclonal Anti-BoNT\/A Antibodies","volume":"4","author":"Kalb","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"58","key":"2026090218005297800_cit23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Extraction and inhibition of enzymatic activity of\nbotulinum neurotoxins\/B1, \/B2, \/B3, \/B4, and \/B5 by a panel of monoclonal\nanti-BoNT\/B antibodies","volume":"12","author":"Kalb","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Biochem."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090218005297800_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12237","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012237","article-title":"Extraction\nof BoNT\/A, \/B, \/E, and  \/F with a single, high affinity monoclonal\nantibody for detection of botulinum neurotoxin by Endopep-MS","volume":"5","author":"Kalb","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026090218005297800_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3254","DOI":"10.1021\/ac5001509","article-title":"Three Enzymatically\nActive Neurotoxins of Clostridium botulinum Strain Af84: BoNT\/A2,\n \/F4, and \/F5","volume":"86","author":"Kalb","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. 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