{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:55:11Z","timestamp":1790146511159,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"36","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,12]],"date-time":"2015-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1439337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P41GM103393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P41GM103393"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004411","name":"Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIF99472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIF99472"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006151","name":"Basic Energy Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-AC02-76SF00515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AC02-76SF00515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006151","name":"Basic Energy Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-AC02-98CH10886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AC02-98CH10886"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006206","name":"Biological and Environmental Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006206","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIF99472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIF99472"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000106","name":"Saskatchewan Health Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000106","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP0985807-QEII"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP0985807-QEII"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"University of Saskatchewan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Thiophenes are the simplest aromatic sulfur-containing compounds and are stable and widespread in fossil fuels. Regulation of sulfur levels in fuels and emissions has become and continues to be ever more stringent as part of governments\u2019 efforts to address negative environmental impacts of sulfur dioxide. In turn, more effective removal methods are continually being sought. In a chemical sense, thiophenes are somewhat obdurate and hence their removal from fossil fuels poses problems for the industrial chemist. Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy provides key information on thiophenic components in fuels. Here we present a systematic study of the spectroscopic sensitivity to chemical modifications of the thiophene system. We conclude that while the utility of sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectra in understanding the chemical composition of sulfur-containing fossil fuels has already been demonstrated, care must be exercised in interpreting these spectra because the assumption of an invariant spectrum for thiophenic forms may not always be valid.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/jp505766f","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,12]],"date-time":"2014-08-12T17:36:09Z","timestamp":1407864969000},"page":"7796-7802","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Long-Range Chemical Sensitivity in the Sulfur K-Edge\nX-ray Absorption Spectra of Substituted Thiophenes"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Graham N.","family":"George","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Saskatchewan , , , ,","place":["Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N 5E2"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Hackett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Saskatchewan , , , ,","place":["Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N 5E2"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Sansone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company , , ,","place":["Annandale, New Jersey, United States, 08801"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin L.","family":"Gorbaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company , , ,","place":["Annandale, New Jersey, United States, 08801"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon R.","family":"Kelemen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company , , ,","place":["Annandale, New Jersey, United States, 08801"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger C.","family":"Prince","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company , , ,","place":["Annandale, New Jersey, United States, 08801"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugh H.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Adelaide , , , ,","place":["Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid J.","family":"Pickering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Saskatchewan , , , ,","place":["Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N 5E2"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1021\/ef700210q","article-title":"Sulfur Speciation\nin Petroleum: Atmospheric Pressure\nPhotoionization or Chemical Derivatization and Electrospray Ionization\nFourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry","volume":"21","author":"Purcell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5089","DOI":"10.1021\/ef100904k","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Sulfur Compounds in Venezuela Crude\nOil and Its SARA Fractions by Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform\nIon Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy\nFuels"},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit3","first-page":"37","article-title":"Diesel Desulfurization\nPuts Refiners in a Quandary","volume":"Feb.","author":"Parkinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Eng."},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit4","article-title":"The Last Decade of\nGlobal Anthropogenic\nSulfur Dioxide: 2000\u20132011 Emissions","volume":"8","author":"Kilmont","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1126\/science.184.4142.1176","article-title":"Acid Rain: A Serious Regional Environmental Problem","volume":"184","author":"Likens","year":"1974","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.09.057","article-title":"SO2 Inhalation Modulates the Expression\nof Pro-inflammatory and Pro-apoptotic Genes in Rat Heart and Lung","volume":"185","author":"Yun","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit7","unstructured":"Forster, P.; Ramaswamy, V.; Artaxo, P.; Berntsen, T.; Betts, R.; Fahey, D. W.; Haywood, J.; Lean, J.; Lowe, D. C.; Myhre, G.; Nganga, J.; Prinn, R.; Raga, G.; Schulz, M.; van Dorland, R.\n          Changes\nin Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing. In  Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution\nof Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental\nPanel on Climate Change; Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Avery, K. B. M., Tignor, M., Miller, H. L., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, U.K. and New York, NY, USA, 2007, pp 129\u2013234."},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-1101-2011","article-title":"Anthropogenic Sulfur Dioxide Emissions","volume":"11","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos.\nChem. Phys."},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1126\/science.226.4670.48","article-title":"X-ray Absorption\nSpectroscopic Investigation of Sulfur\nSites in Coal: Organic Sulfur Identification","volume":"226","author":"Spiro","year":"1984","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3182","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00191a012","article-title":"Sulfur\nK Edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Petroleum\nAsphaltenes and Model Compounds","volume":"111","author":"George","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem.\nSoc."},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(98)01402-1","article-title":"Sulfur K-Edge X-ray\nAbsorption Spectroscopy for Determining the Chemical Speciation of\nSulfur in Biological Systems","volume":"441","author":"Pickering","year":"1998","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2011.03.008","article-title":"Vibrational, X-ray\nAbsorption, and\nMoessbauer Spectra of Sulfate Minerals from the Weathered Massive\nSulfide Deposit at Iron Mountain, California","volume":"284","author":"Majzlan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1021\/ef960212a","article-title":"Characterization\nof Sulfur-Containing Functional Groups in Sedimentary\nHumic Substances by X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure Spectroscopy","volume":"11","author":"Vairavamurthy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7037(97)00003-3","article-title":"Speciation of Sulfur in Humic and\nFulvic Acids using X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES) Spectroscopy","volume":"61","author":"Morra","year":"1997","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1021\/es049664p","article-title":"Speciation of Iron and Sulfate in Acid Waters: Aqueous\nClusters to Mineral Precipitates","volume":"39","author":"Majzlan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.\nTechnol."},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2012.03.006","article-title":"Sulfur and\niron analyses of marine archaeological wood\nin shipwrecks from the Baltic Sea and Scandinavian waters","volume":"39","author":"Fors","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8138","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0105532","article-title":"Analysis of Sulfur\nBiochemistry of Sulfur Bacteria Using X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy","volume":"40","author":"Pickering","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6376","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00539-08","article-title":"X-ray absorption\nspectroscopy as a probe of microbial sulfur biochemistry: The nature\nof bacterial sulfur globules revisited","volume":"190","author":"George","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(01)00161-1","article-title":"In-Situ Observation\nof the Generation of Isothiocyanates from Sinigrin in Horseradish\nand Wasabi","volume":"1527","author":"Yu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.014787","article-title":"Chemical Form and\nDistribution of Selenium and Sulfur in the Selenium Hyperaccumulator Astragalus bisulcatus","volume":"131","author":"Pickering","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6846","DOI":"10.1021\/bi900368x","article-title":"Localizing the Chemical\nForms of Sulfur in Vivo Using\nX-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopic Imaging: Application to Onion (Allium cepa) Tissues","volume":"48","author":"Pickering","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1021\/ja039239g","article-title":"The Sulfur Chemistry of Shiitake\nMushroom","volume":"126","author":"Sneeden","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2013.11.004","article-title":"XAS spectroscopy,\nsulfur, and the\nbrew within blood cells from Ascidia ceratodes","volume":"131","author":"Frank","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14735","DOI":"10.1021\/bi701979h","article-title":"Sulfur X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy\nof Living Mammalian Cells: An Enabling Tool for Sulfur Metabolomics.\nIn Situ Observation of Taurine Uptake into MDCK Cells","volume":"46","author":"Gnida","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1021\/cn200097s","article-title":"X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy at the Sulfur K-Edge:\nA New Tool to Investigate the Biochemical Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration","volume":"3","author":"Hackett","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1021\/ef00025a016","article-title":"Direct Determination\nand Quantification of Sulfur Forms in Coals from the Argonne Premium\nSample Program","volume":"5","author":"George","year":"1991","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.1.181-188.1999","article-title":"Microbial Desulfurization of a Crude Oil Middle-Ddistillate\nFraction: Analysis of the Extent of Sulfur Removal and the Effect\nof Removal on Remaining Sulfur","volume":"65","author":"Grossman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Environ.\nMicrobiol."},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(91)90343-4","article-title":"Sulfur\nSpeciation in Heavy Petroleums: Information from X-ray Absorption\nNear-Edge Structure","volume":"55","author":"Waldo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2010.06.013","article-title":"Characterization\nof Solid Bitumens Originating from\nThermal Chemical Alteration and Thermochemical Sulfate Reduction","volume":"74","author":"Kelemen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2013.12.011","article-title":"Sulfur Speciation\nin Kerogen and Bitumen from Gas and Oil Shales","volume":"68","author":"Pomerantz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5188\/ijsmer.10.1","article-title":"X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) Spectroscopic\nCharacterization of Emissions from Combustion of Fossil Fuels","volume":"10","author":"Huggins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Mater. Eng. Resour."},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1107\/S0365110X64003760","article-title":"The Crystal and Molecular Structure of \u03b2-Thiophenic\nAcid","volume":"17","author":"Hudson","year":"1964","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr."},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6031(03)00188-6","article-title":"Thermophysical,\nCrystalline and Infrared Studies of the 2- and 3-Thiophenecarboxylic\nAcids","volume":"404","author":"Roux","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9002(84)90077-9","article-title":"Measurement of Soft\nX-ray Absorption Spectra with a Fluorescent Ion Chamber Detector","volume":"226","author":"Lytle","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res."},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1246\/bcsj.59.575","article-title":"Sulfur K-Edge\nAbsorption\nSpectra of Na2SO4, Na2SO3, Na2S2O3, and Na2S2Ox (x=5\u20138)","volume":"59","author":"Sekiyama","year":"1986","journal-title":"Bull.\nChem. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit36","unstructured":"George, G. N.\n          \n          2001, http:\/\/ssrl.slac.stanford.edu\/exafspak.html."},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1063\/1.458452","article-title":"An All-Electron\nNumerical Method for Solving the Local Density Functional for Polyatomic\nMolecules","volume":"92","author":"Delley","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7756","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1316015","article-title":"From molecules\nto solids with the DMol3 approach","volume":"113","author":"Delley","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit39","unstructured":"Hermann, K.; Pettersson, L. G. M.; Casida, M. E.; Daul, C.; Goursot, A.; Koester, A.; Proynov, E.; St-Amant, A.; Salahub, D. R.; Carravetta, V.; Duarte, H.; Godbout, N.; Guan, J.; Jamorski, C.; Leboeuf, M.; Malkin, V.; Malkina, O.; Nyberg, M.; Pedocchi, L.; Sim, F.; Triguero, L.; Vela, A.\n          StoBe-deMon Code, 2001."},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2750","DOI":"10.1021\/jp806823c","article-title":"The Interpretation\nof Sulfur K-Edge XANES Spectra: A Case Study on Thiophenic and Aliphatic\nSulfur Compounds","volume":"113","author":"Mijovilovich","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9523","DOI":"10.1021\/jp103109y","article-title":"Functional\nGroups and Sulfur K-Edge XANES Spectra: Divalent Sulfur and Disulfides","volume":"114","author":"Mijovilovich","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1021\/ja068512m","article-title":"Electronic Structure\nDescription of the cis-MoOS Unit in Models for Molybdenum\nHydroxylases","volume":"130","author":"Doonan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4835","DOI":"10.1063\/1.451718","article-title":"Inner Shell\nExcitation of Thiophene\nand Thiolane: Gas, Solid, and Monolayer States","volume":"85","author":"Hitchcock","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214302\/1","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4807604","article-title":"Sulfur 1s Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure\nSpectroscopy of Thiophenic and Aromatic Thioether Compounds","volume":"138","author":"Behyan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chem. 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Ital."},{"key":"2026090219285370200_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/hc.20291","article-title":"A New Method\nfor the Synthesis of Dinaphtho[1,2-b;2,1-d]thiophenes and Selenophenes","volume":"18","author":"Alam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Heteroat. 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