{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T08:10:37Z","timestamp":1791274237296,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"49","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,26]],"date-time":"2015-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1440547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN268201000043C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN268201000043C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00CA153914"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00CA153914"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA163256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA163256"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RC2CA148265"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC2CA148265"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000165","name":"Division of Chemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CHE-1309817"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHE-1309817"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000165","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Quantum dots (QDs) offer distinct advantages over organic dyes and fluorescent proteins for biological imaging applications because of their brightness, photostability, and tunability. However, a major limitation is that single QDs emit fluorescent light in an intermittent on-and-off fashion called \u201cblinking\u201d. Here we report the development of blinking-suppressed, relatively compact QDs that are able to maintain their favorable optical properties in aqueous solution. Specifically, we show that a linearly graded alloy shell can be grown on a small CdSe core via a precisely controlled layer-by-layer process, and that this graded shell leads to a dramatic suppression of QD blinking in both organic solvents and water. A substantial portion (&amp;gt;25%) of the resulting QDs does not blink (more than 99% of the time in the bright or \u201con\u201d state). Theoretical modeling studies indicate that this type of linearly graded shell not only can minimize charge carrier access to surface traps but also can reduce lattice defects, both of which are believed to be responsible for carrier trapping and QD blinking. Further, we have evaluated the biological utility of blinking-suppressed QDs coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based ligands and multidentate ligands. The results demonstrate that their optical properties are largely independent of surface coatings and solvating media, and that the blinking-suppressed QDs can provide continuous trajectories in live-cell receptor tracking studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/jp5064325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,26]],"date-time":"2014-08-26T15:43:29Z","timestamp":1409067809000},"page":"14140-14147","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Compact and Blinking-Suppressed Quantum Dots for Single-Particle\nTracking in Live Cells"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Lucas A.","family":"Lane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology , , , ,","place":["Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 30322"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana\u2212Champaign , , , ,","place":["Urbana, Illinois, United States, 61801"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianquan","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University , , , ,","place":["Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 30322"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuming","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology , , , ,","place":["Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 30322"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.7.060804.100432","article-title":"Quantum dots as cellular probes","volume":"7","author":"Alivisatos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anchem-060908-155136","article-title":"Semiconductor quantum dots for bioimaging and biodiagnostic Applications","volume":"6","author":"Kairdolf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2011.12","article-title":"Full-colour quantum\ndot displays fabricated by transfer\nprinting","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2012.33","article-title":"Colloidal\nquantum dot solar cells","volume":"6","author":"Sargent","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02772","volume":"430","author":"Lodahl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044450974-1\/50017-3","volume-title":"Optical Biosensors:\nPresent and Future","author":"Mattoussi","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit7","first-page":"81","volume-title":"Quantum Dots Applications in Biology","author":"Bouzigues","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt927","article-title":"The use of\nnanocrystals in biological detection","volume":"22","author":"Alivisatos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1390","article-title":"Quantum dot\nbioconjugates for imaging, labelling and sensing","volume":"4","author":"Medintz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt920","article-title":"Near-infrared\nfluorescent\ntype II quantum dots for sentinel lymph node mapping","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1104274","article-title":"Quantum dots for live cells, in vivo imaging, and diagnostics","volume":"307","author":"Michalet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9463","DOI":"10.1021\/jp971091y","article-title":"(CdSe)ZnS core-shell\nquantum dots: synthesis and characterization of a size series of highly\nluminescent nanocrystallites","volume":"101","author":"Dabbousi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem.\nB"},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1038\/90228","article-title":"Quantum-dot-tagged microbeads for\nmultiplexed optical coding of biomolecules","volume":"19","author":"Han","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1021\/ja108482a","article-title":"Bright and compact alloyed quantum dots with broadly tunable near-infrared\nabsorption and fluorescence spectra through mercury cation exchange","volume":"133","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1084398","article-title":"Myosin V walks hand-over-hand: single fluorophore imaging\nwith 1.5-nm localization","volume":"300","author":"Yildiz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.2174\/138920311798841672","article-title":"The probe\nrules in single particle tracking","volume":"12","author":"Clausen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Protein\nPept. Sci."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2008.06.010","article-title":"Tracking\nsingle molecules in the live cell plasma membrane-do\u2019s\nand don\u2019t\u2019s","volume":"46","author":"Wieser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7639","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5711-08.2009","article-title":"Gephyrin oligomerization\ncontrols\nGlyR mobility and synaptic clustering","volume":"29","author":"Calamai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.200810029","article-title":"Tracking bio-molecules\nin live cells using quantum dots","volume":"1","author":"Chang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12433","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3349-07.2007","article-title":"Surface trafficking\nof neurotransmitter receptor: Comparison between single-molecule\/quantum\ndot strategies","volume":"27","author":"Groc","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1237","article-title":"Robust single-particle\ntracking in\nlive-cell time-lapse sequences","volume":"5","author":"Jaqaman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1233","article-title":"Dynamic multiple-target\ntracing to probe spatiotemporal cartography of cell membranes","volume":"5","author":"Serge\u0301","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0320(19990701)36:3<176::AID-CYTO5>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy\nwith single-molecule sensitivity on cell and model membranes","volume":"36","author":"Schwille","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cytometry"},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1021\/ja039686w","article-title":"Near-complete suppression of quantum dot blinking in ambient conditions","volume":"126","author":"Hohng","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5026","DOI":"10.1021\/ja711379k","article-title":"\u201cGiant\u201d\nmultishell CdSe nanocrystal quantum dots with suppressed blinking","volume":"130","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2222","article-title":"Towards non-blinking colloidal quantum dots","volume":"7","author":"Mahler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1021\/nl903592h","article-title":"Suppression of Auger processes in confined structures","volume":"10","author":"Cragg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08072","article-title":"Non-blinking semiconductor nanocrystals","volume":"459","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)08591-8","article-title":"Metabolism\nand cytotoxicity of propyl gallate in isolated rat hepatocytes: Effects\nof a thiol reductant and an esterase inhibitor","volume":"47","author":"Nakagawa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/0161-5890(87)90184-2","article-title":"The solution conformations of the\nsubclasses of human IgG deduced from sedimentation and small angle\nX-ray scattering studies","volume":"24","author":"Gregory","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1021\/ja4078528","article-title":"Single-dot spectroscopy\nof zinc-blende CdSe\/CdS core\/shell nanocrystals:\nNonblinking and correlation with ensemble measurements","volume":"136","author":"Qin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3539","article-title":"Compact high-quality CdSe\u2013CdS core\u2013shell\nnanocrystals with narrow emission linewidths and suppressed blinking","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit33","first-page":"4949","article-title":"Modular poly\n(ethylene glycol) ligands for biocompatible\nsemiconductor and gold nanocrystals with extended pH and ionic stability","volume":"18","author":"Mei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11278","DOI":"10.1021\/ja804306c","article-title":"Bioconjugated quantum dots for in vivo molecular and cellular imaging","volume":"130","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1246\/cl.2004.840","article-title":"Preparation of water-soluble\nPEGylated semiconductor nanocrystals","volume":"33","author":"Kang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem.\nLett."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit36","first-page":"6181","article-title":"Local Auger\neffects at point defects in silicon","volume":"13","author":"Riddoch","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Phys.\nChem. C"},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1063\/1.112707","article-title":"Design of InGaAs linear\ngraded buffer structures","volume":"65","author":"Molina","year":"1994","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1063\/1.108842","article-title":"Dislocations\nand strain relief in compositionally graded layers","volume":"62","author":"Tersoff","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.1063\/1.480896","article-title":"Nonexponential \u201cblinking\u201d kinetics of\nsingle CdSe quantum dots: A universal power law behavior","volume":"112","author":"Kuno","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165304","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.70.165304","article-title":"Relationship between single quantum-dot intermittency\nand fluorescence intensity decays from collections of dots","volume":"70","author":"Chung","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1021\/nn901808f","article-title":"Suppressed\nblinking dynamics of single\nQDs on ITO","volume":"4","author":"Jin","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1021\/jp035756+","article-title":"Type-II\nquantum\ndots: CdTe\/CdSe (core\/shell) and CdSe\/ZnTe (core\/shell) heterostructures","volume":"108","author":"Fisher","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7480","DOI":"10.1021\/ja042939g","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization\nof highly luminescent CdSe\u2013Core\nCdS\/Zn0.5Cd0.5S\/ZnS multishell nanocrystals","volume":"127","author":"Xie","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.429","article-title":"Imaging the\nlateral diffusion of membrane molecules with quantum dots","volume":"1","author":"Bannai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(02)75393-9","article-title":"Relationship\nof lipid rafts to transient confinement zones detected by single particle\ntracking","volume":"82","author":"Dietrich","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4007","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.01270","article-title":"Lateral diffusion\nof Toll-like receptors reveals that they are transiently confined\nwithin lipid rafts on the plasma membrane","volume":"117","author":"Triantafilou","year":"2004","journal-title":"J.\nCell Sci."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200202050","article-title":"Phospholipids\nundergo hop diffusion in compartmentalized cell membrane","volume":"157","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1021\/nl303151f","article-title":"Visualization of Plasma Membrane Compartmentalization\nby High-Speed Quantum Dot Tracking","volume":"13","author":"Clausen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S323","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R800040-JLR200","article-title":"The challenge\nof lipid rafts","volume":"50","author":"Pike","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Lipid. Res."},{"key":"2026090108562253500_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s002490050198","article-title":"Mapping the\nmechanical pulse of single cardiomyocytes with the atomic force microscope","volume":"28","author":"Domke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Biophys. J."}],"container-title":["The Journal\nof Physical Chemistry B"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/jp5064325","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jpcbfk\/article-pdf\/118\/49\/14140\/10986984\/jp5064325.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jpcbfk\/article-pdf\/118\/49\/14140\/10986984\/jp5064325.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:56:34Z","timestamp":1788267394000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jpcbfk\/article\/118\/49\/14140\/1102505\/Compact-and-Blinking-Suppressed-Quantum-Dots-for"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,26]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"49","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jp5064325","relation":{},"ISSN":["1520-6106","1520-5207"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1520-6106","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5207","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,26]]}}}