{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:03:13Z","timestamp":1792036993294,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,7]],"date-time":"2016-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1452124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CHE 1213362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHE 1213362"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/na","name":"Spectroscopy Society of Pittsburgh","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Starter Grant Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Starter Grant Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/na","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Characterizations of protein structures at interfaces are important in solving an array of fundamental and engineering problems, including understanding transmembrane signal transduction and molecular transport processes and development of biomaterials to meet the needs of biomedical and energy research. However, in situ and real-time characterization of protein secondary structures is challenging because it requires physical methods that are selective to both interface and secondary structures. Here, we summarize recent experimental developments in our laboratory of chiral vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy (SFG) for analyzing protein structures at interfaces. We showed that chiral SFG provides vibrational optical signatures of the peptide N\u2013H stretch and amide I modes that can distinguish various protein secondary structures. Using these signatures, we further applied chiral SFG to probe orientations and folding kinetics of proteins at interfaces. Our results show that chiral SFG is a background-free, label-free, in situ, and real-time vibrational method for studying proteins at interfaces. This recent progress demonstrates the potential of chiral SFG in solving problems related to proteins and other chiral biopolymers at interfaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/jp508926e","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,7]],"date-time":"2015-01-07T15:27:56Z","timestamp":1420644476000},"page":"2769-2785","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Proteins\nat Interfaces Probed by Chiral Vibrational\nSum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Elsa C. Y.","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University , , , ,","place":["New Haven, CT, United States, 06511"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuguang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University , , , ,","place":["New Haven, CT, United States, 06511"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University , , , ,","place":["New Haven, CT, United States, 06511"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/73309","article-title":"Substrate-Induced\nExposure of an Energy-Coupling Motif of a Membrane Transporter","volume":"7","author":"Merianos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.71.102301.093055","article-title":"Mammalian ABC Transporters in Health and Disease","volume":"71","author":"Borst","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.10537","article-title":"Surface Chemistry Modulates Fibronectin\nConformation and Directs Integrin Binding and Specificity to Control\nCell Adhesion","volume":"66A","author":"Keselowsky","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res., Part\nA"},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08144","article-title":"The Structure and Function of G-Protein-Coupled\nReceptors","volume":"459","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt874","article-title":"Fabrication\nof Novel Biomaterials through Molecular Self-Assembly","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6028(01)01587-4","article-title":"Biomedical Surface Science: Foundations to Frontiers","volume":"500","author":"Castner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Surf. 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Acta, Biomembr."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13505","DOI":"10.1021\/bi701427q","article-title":"Peptide Conformation\nand Supramolecular Organization in Amylin Fibrils: Constraints from\nSolid-State NMR","volume":"46","author":"Luca","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14990","DOI":"10.1021\/ja802483d","article-title":"Structural\nInsights into the Polymorphism of Amyloid-Like\nFibrils Formed by Region 20\u201329 of Amylin Revealed by Solid-State\nNMR and X-Ray Fiber Diffraction","volume":"130","author":"Madine","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem.\nSoc."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1697101","article-title":"An Antibody Binding Site on Cytochrome\nC Defined by Hydrogen Exchange and Two-Dimensional NMR","volume":"249","author":"Paterson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1021\/ar700188n","article-title":"Amide I Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy of Proteins","volume":"41","author":"Ganim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.5.2036","article-title":"The Two-Dimensional IR Nonlinear\nSpectroscopy of a Cyclic Penta-Peptide in Relation to Its Three-Dimensional\nStructure","volume":"96","author":"Hamm","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14197","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700804104","article-title":"Automated 2D IR\nSpectroscopy Using a Mid-IR Pulse Shaper and Application of This Technology\nto the Human Islet Amyloid Polypeptide","volume":"104","author":"Shim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc.\nNatl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15679","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9072203","article-title":"Strategies\nfor Extracting Structural Information from 2D IR Spectroscopy of Amyloid:\nApplication to Islet Amyloid Polypeptide","volume":"113","author":"Strasfeld","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\nPhys. Chem. B"},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11265","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.201412998","article-title":"Two-Dimensional\nIR Spectroscopy Can be Designed to Eliminate the Diagonal Peaks and\nExpose Only the Crosspeaks Needed for Structure Determination","volume":"98","author":"Zanni","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5834","DOI":"10.1021\/jp057472q","article-title":"Different Spectral Sigatures of Octapeptide 310 and \u03b1-Helices\nRevealed by Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy","volume":"110","author":"Maekawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3528","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0508833103","article-title":"Picosecond Dynamics\nof a Membrane Protein Revealed by 2D IR","volume":"103","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc.\nNatl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13424","DOI":"10.1021\/bi026004t","article-title":"Structure of Rhodopsin\nin Monolayers at the Air-Water Interface: A PM-IRRAS and X-Ray Reflectivity\nStudy","volume":"41","author":"Lavoie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pc.46.100195.001513","article-title":"External Infrared Reflection\nAbsorption\nSpectrometry of Monolayer Films at the Air-Water Interface","volume":"46","author":"Mendelsohn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.106.084624","article-title":"Insertion of Lipidated Ras Proteins\ninto Lipid Monolayers Studied by Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy\n(IRRAS)","volume":"91","author":"Meister","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3132","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.107.110635","article-title":"Mechanism of Islet Amyloid Polypeptide\nFibrillation\nat Lipid Interfaces Studied by Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy","volume":"93","author":"Lopes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2012.01.030","article-title":"Investigation of Structural Changes of Beta-Casein\nand Lysozyme at the Gas-Liquid Interface during Foam Fractionation","volume":"161","author":"Barackov","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033583597003375","article-title":"Infrared Spectroscopy of Proteins and Peptides in Lipid\nBilayers","volume":"30","author":"Tamm","year":"1997","journal-title":"Q. Rev. 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Biol."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1999.4320","article-title":"Spectroscopic Methods for Analysis of Protein Secondary\nStructure","volume":"277","author":"Pelton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7270.2007.00320.x","article-title":"Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic\nAnalysis of Protein Secondary\nStructures","volume":"39","author":"Kong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16434","DOI":"10.1021\/la1007389","article-title":"Probing\nthe Orientation of Surface-Immobilized\nProtein G B1 Using ToF-SIMS, Sum Frequency Generation, and NEXAFS\nSpectroscopy","volume":"26","author":"Baugh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3433","DOI":"10.1021\/la903267x","article-title":"Probing\nthe Orientation\nand Conformation of \u03b1-Helix and \u03b2-Strand Model Peptides\non Self-Assembled Monolayers Using Sum Frequency Generation and NEXAFS\nSpectroscopy","volume":"26","author":"Weidner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.1021\/ja028987n","article-title":"Molecular Packing of Lysozyme, Fibrinogen, and Bovine\nSerum Albumin on Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Surfaces Studied by Infrared-Visible\nSum Frequency Generation and Fluorescence Microscopy","volume":"125","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1021\/la203823t","article-title":"Molecular Interactions of Proteins\nand Peptides at Interfaces Studied by Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational\nSpectroscopy","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3598","DOI":"10.1021\/ja056031h","article-title":"In Situ Adsorption Studies of a 14-Amino\nAcid Leucine-Lysine\nPeptide onto Hydrophobic Polystyrene and Hydrophilic Silica Surfaces\nUsing Quartz Crystal Microbalance, Atomic Force Microscopy, and Sum\nFrequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy","volume":"128","author":"Mermut","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9914","DOI":"10.1021\/ja036373s","article-title":"Detection of Amide I Signals of Interfacial Proteins In Situ Using\nSFG","volume":"125","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1021\/ja067446l","article-title":"Multiple Orientation of Melittin Inside a Single Lipid Bilayer Determined\nby Combined Vibrational Spectroscopic Studies","volume":"129","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0645263","article-title":"Side Chain, Chain Length, and Sequence Effects on Amphiphilic\nPeptide Adsorption at Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Surfaces Studied\nby Sum-Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy and Quartz Crystal\nMicrobalance","volume":"111","author":"Phillips","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13288","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1003832107","article-title":"Sum Frequency\nGeneration and Solid-State NMR Study of the Structure, Orientation,\nand Dynamics of Polystyrene-Adsorbed Peptides","volume":"107","author":"Weidner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1002\/chir.20238","article-title":"A Novel Spectroscopic Probe for Molecular Chirality","volume":"18","author":"Ji","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chirality"},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8845","DOI":"10.1021\/ja060888c","article-title":"Toward\nChiral Sum-Frequency Spectroscopy","volume":"128","author":"Ji","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem.\nSoc."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/01442350500270601","article-title":"Non-Linear Optical\nSpectroscopy as a Novel Probe for Molecular Chirality","volume":"24","author":"Belkin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4474","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.85.4474","article-title":"Sum-Frequency\nVibrational Spectroscopy on Chiral Liquids: A Novel Technique to Probe\nMolecular Chirality","volume":"85","author":"Belkin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.200300959","article-title":"Molecular\nOrigins of the Remarkable Chiral Sensitivity of Second-Order Nonlinear\nOptics","volume":"5","author":"Simpson","year":"2004","journal-title":"ChemPhysChem"},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physchem.59.032607.093712","article-title":"Chirality in Nonlinear Optics","volume":"60","author":"Haupert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/01442350500225894","article-title":"Quantitative Spectral\nand Orientational Analysis in Surface Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational\nSpectroscopy (SFG-VS)","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4978","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501206102","article-title":"Detection of Chiral\nSum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectra of Proteins and Peptides\nat Interfaces In Situ","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. 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Soc."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5405","DOI":"10.1021\/ja909546b","article-title":"In situ Misfolding of Human Islet Amyloid Polypeptide\nat Interfaces Probed by Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation","volume":"132","author":"Fu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9404","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12129404","article-title":"Chiral Vibrational Structures of\nProteins at Interfaces Probed by Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy","volume":"12","author":"Fu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1002\/chir.22306","article-title":"N-H Stretching Modes Around 3300\nWavenumber From Peptide Backbones Observed by Chiral Sum Frequency\nGeneration Vibrational Spectroscopy","volume":"26","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chirality"},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3592","DOI":"10.1021\/ja3119527","article-title":"Chiral\nSum Frequency Generation for In Situ Probing Proton Exchange in Antiparallel\n\u03b2-sheets at Interfaces","volume":"135","author":"Fu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2011.12.035","article-title":"Amphiphilic Adsorption\nof Human Islet Amyloid Polypeptide Aggregates to Lipid\/Aqueous Interfaces","volume":"421","author":"Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8471","DOI":"10.1021\/cr4006044","article-title":"Biological Macromolecules at Interfaces\nProbed by Chiral Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy","volume":"114","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. 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Rev."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1366\/000370209788347057","article-title":"Probing Water and Biomolecules at\nthe Air\u2013Water Interface with a Broad Bandwidth Vibrational\nSum Frequency Generation Spectrometer from 3800 to 900 cm\u20131","volume":"63","author":"Ma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1021\/ac049887y","article-title":"Polarization Mapping:\nA Method to\nImprove Sum Frequency Generation Spectral Analysis","volume":"76","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"2026090219014842500_cit65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267402","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.93.267402","article-title":"Sum-Frequency Vibrational Spectroscopy of \u03b1 Helically\nStructured Conjugated Polymer","volume":"93","author":"Oh-e","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. 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