{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T03:14:25Z","timestamp":1791515665404,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,31]],"date-time":"2014-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1419984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":43,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_termsofuse.html"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Global-scale atmospheric measurements are used to investigate the effectiveness of recent adjustments to production and consumption controls on hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal Protocol) and to assess recent projections of large increases in hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) production and emission. The results show that aggregate global HCFC emissions did not increase appreciably during 2007\u20132012 and suggest that the 2007 Adjustments to the Montreal Protocol played a role in limiting HCFC emissions well in advance of the 2013 cap on global production. HCFC emissions varied between 27 and 29 kt CFC-11-equivalent (eq)\/y or 0.76 and 0.79 GtCO2-eq\/y during this period. Despite slower than projected increases in aggregate HCFC emissions since 2007, total emissions of HFCs used as substitutes for HCFCs and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have not increased more rapidly than rates projected [Velders, G. J. M.; Fahey, D. W.; Daniel, J. S.; McFarland, M.; Andersen, S. O. The Large Contribution of Projected HFC Emissions to Future Climate Forcing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.\u00a02009, 106, 10949\u221210954] for 2007\u20132012. HFC global emission magnitudes related to this substitution totaled 0.51 (\u22120.03, +0.04) GtCO2-eq\/y in 2012, a magnitude about two times larger than emissions reported to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for these HFCs. Assuming accurate reporting to the UNFCCC, the results imply that developing countries (non-Annex I Parties) not reporting to the UNFCCC now account for nearly 50% of global HFC emissions used as substitutes for ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). Global HFC emissions (as CO2-eq) from ODS substitution can be attributed approximately equally to mobile air conditioning, commercial refrigeration, and the sum of all other applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/jp5097376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,18]],"date-time":"2014-11-18T09:08:50Z","timestamp":1416301730000},"page":"4439-4449","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Recent\nTrends in Global Emissions of Hydrochlorofluorocarbons\nand Hydrofluorocarbons: Reflecting on the 2007 Adjustments to the\nMontreal Protocol"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"S. A.","family":"Montzka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, , , ,","place":["Boulder, Colorado, United States, 80305"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"McFarland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DuPont Chemicals & Fluoroproducts , , ,","place":["Wilmington, Delaware, United States, 19805"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. O.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Governance & Sustainable Development , ,","place":["Washington, D.C., United States, 20007"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. R.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, , , ,","place":["Boulder, Colorado, United States, 80305"]},{"name":"University of Colorado Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, , , ,","place":["Boulder, Colorado, United States, 80309"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. W.","family":"Fahey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, , , ,","place":["Boulder, Colorado, United States, 80305"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. D.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, , , ,","place":["Boulder, Colorado, United States, 80305"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, , , ,","place":["Boulder, Colorado, United States, 80305"]},{"name":"University of Colorado Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, , , ,","place":["Boulder, Colorado, United States, 80309"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Siso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, , , ,","place":["Boulder, Colorado, United States, 80305"]},{"name":"University of Colorado Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, , , ,","place":["Boulder, Colorado, United States, 80309"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. W.","family":"Elkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, , , ,","place":["Boulder, Colorado, United States, 80305"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090306165475300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10949","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0902817106","article-title":"The Large Contribution of Projected\nHFC Emissions to\nFuture Climate Forcing","volume":"106","author":"Velders","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.\nU.S.A."},{"key":"2026090306165475300_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L03804","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL036475","article-title":"Accelerated Increases Observed for\nHydrochlorofluorocarbons Since 2004 in the Global Atmosphere","volume":"36","author":"Montzka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2026090306165475300_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2013.791349","article-title":"Stratospheric Ozone, Global Warming\nand the Principle of Unintended Consequences: An Ongoing Science and\nPolicy Success Story","volume":"63","author":"Andersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc."},{"key":"2026090306165475300_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4814","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610328104","article-title":"The Importance\nof the Montreal Protocol in Protecting Climate","volume":"104","author":"Velders","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2026090306165475300_cit5","first-page":"478","volume-title":"Intergovernmental\nPanel on Climate Change\/Technology and Economic Assessment Panel,\nSafeguarding the Ozone Layer and Global Climate System: Issues Related\nto Hydrofluorocarbons and Perfluorocarbons","author":"Metz","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026090306165475300_cit6","first-page":"572","article-title":"Halocarbon Scenarios, Ozone Depletion Potentials, and Global Warming\nPotentials","volume-title":"Scientific Assessment of Ozone\nDepletion: 2006","author":"Daniel","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026090306165475300_cit7","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Earth\nNegotiations Bulletin","author":"Chasek","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026090306165475300_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D02301","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007275","article-title":"Present and Future Sources and Emissions\nof Halocarbons:\nTowards New Constraints","volume":"112","author":"Daniel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"2026090306165475300_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/20430779.2011.579352","article-title":"High Increase\nof Global F-Gas Emissions Until 2050","volume":"1","author":"Gschrey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Greenhouse\nGas Meas. Manage."},{"key":"2026090306165475300_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L02808","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL041195","article-title":"Recent Increases in Global HFC-23\nEmissions","volume":"37","author":"Montzka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2026090306165475300_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7875","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-7875-2010","article-title":"HFC-23 (CHF3) Emission Trend Response to HCFC-22 (CHClF2) Production\nand Recent HFC-23 Emission Abatement Measures","volume":"10","author":"Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026090306165475300_cit12","first-page":"D23304","article-title":"Global and Regional\nEmissions of HFC-125 (CHF2CF3) from In Situ\nand Air Archive Atmospheric Observations at AGAGE and SOGE Observatories","volume":"114","author":"O\u2019Doherty","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"2026090306165475300_cit13","first-page":"6471","article-title":"Global Emissions of HFC-143a (CH3CF3) and HFC-32 (CH2F2) from In Situ and Air Archive\nAtmospheric Observations","volume":"14","author":"O\u2019Doherty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2026090306165475300_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1002\/2013GL059099","article-title":"Recent and Future Trends in Synthetic Greenhouse\nGas Radiative Forcing","volume":"41","author":"Rigby","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2026090306165475300_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1029\/95GL03590","article-title":"Observations\nof HFC-134a in the Remote\nTroposphere","volume":"23","author":"Montzka","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"2026090306165475300_cit18","first-page":"516","article-title":"Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODSs)\nand Related Chemicals","volume-title":"Scientific Assessment\nof Ozone Depletion: 2010","author":"Montzka","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026090306165475300_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17751","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900141","article-title":"A History of Chemically and Radiatively Important Gases\nin Air Deduced from ALE\/GAGE\/AGAGE","volume":"105","author":"Prinn","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys.\nRes."},{"key":"2026090306165475300_cit19","first-page":"516","article-title":"A Focus on Information and Options for Policymakers","volume-title":"Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2010","author":"Daniel","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026090306165475300_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6903","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD901128","article-title":"Consistent Sets\nof Atmospheric Lifetimes and Radiative Forcings on Climate for CFC\nReplacements: HCFCs and HFCs","volume":"105","author":"Naik","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. 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Sci., 2014; DOI: 10.1073\/pnas.1417372111.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1417372111"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Physical Chemistry A"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/jp5097376","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jpcafh\/article-pdf\/119\/19\/4439\/14693345\/jp5097376.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jpcafh\/article-pdf\/119\/19\/4439\/14693345\/jp5097376.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T10:17:04Z","timestamp":1788430624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/jpcafh\/article\/119\/19\/4439\/1398222\/Recent-Trends-in-Global-Emissions-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,18]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jp5097376","relation":{},"ISSN":["1089-5639","1520-5215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1089-5639","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,18]]}}}