{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T23:17:02Z","timestamp":1788218222719,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2021R1A4A1022920"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A4A1022920"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2022-NR119715"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2022-NR119715"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2025-00562049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-00562049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KH0860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KH0860"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The growing use of disposable electronics has intensified concerns regarding end-of-life electronic waste, highlighting an urgent need for devices that balance high functionality with sustainability. Herein, we report disposable printed organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) featuring a worm-edible PEDOT:PSS\u2013clay composite active layer. These devices are constructed entirely from components selected to reduce environmental burden: a chemically reinforced and hydrophobically modified paper substrate; printable electrodes derived from a cellulose nanofiber (CNF)-templated silver ink; and a PEDOT:PSS\/montmorillonite (MMT) composite active layer that ensures both electrochemical performance and superworm-derived biodegradability. Despite the use of low-resolution printing and sustainable materials, the resultant OECT devices exhibit low-voltage but stable operation and decent electrical characteristics suitable for practical applications. Critically, we demonstrate that these fully integrated devices are edible at the device level and can be disposed of via superworm ingestion (Zophobas morio), providing a proof-of-concept insect-mediated disposal pathway that may reduce environmental burden without requiring device retrieval or industrial composting. This work establishes a potential insect-mediated disposal strategy using superworms for the design of sustainable printed bioelectronic systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/polymscitech.6c00022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T11:04:26Z","timestamp":1782731066000},"page":"556-567","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Print\nto Soil: Superworm-Degradable Organic Electrochemical\nTransistors via PEDOT:PSS\u2013Clay Composites"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Hyeonjun","family":"Na","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , , ,","place":["Gwangju, Republic of Korea, 61005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2706-3024","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yeongbeom","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inha University , , ,","place":["Incheon, Republic of Korea, 22212"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Il-Young","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , , ,","place":["Gwangju, Republic of Korea, 61005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da-Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , , ,","place":["Gwangju, Republic of Korea, 61005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sungrok","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , , ,","place":["Gwangju, Republic of Korea, 61005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seunghyeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inha University , , ,","place":["Incheon, Republic of Korea, 22212"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8756-0956","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Won-June","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , , ,","place":["Gwangju, Republic of Korea, 61005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Boshir","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , , ,","place":["Gwangju, Republic of Korea, 61005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3205-6191","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bong Sup","family":"Shim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inha University , , ,","place":["Incheon, Republic of Korea, 22212"]},{"name":"Inha University , , ,","place":["Incheon, Republic of Korea, 22212"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7205-3054","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Myung-Han","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , , ,","place":["Gwangju, Republic of Korea, 61005"]},{"name":"Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , , ,","place":["Gwangju, Republic of Korea, 61005"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026083118585727900_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.106787","article-title":"Fully Biodegradable\nWater-Soluble Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Human Physiological\nMonitoring","volume":"93","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"issue":"31","key":"2026083118585727900_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2401035","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202401035","article-title":"Flexible Conformally\nBioadhesive MXene Hydrogel Electronics for Machine\nLearning-Facilitated Human-Interactive Sensing","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"50","key":"2026083118585727900_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2104482","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202104482","article-title":"Flexible Wearables\nfor Plants","volume":"17","author":"Qu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"2026083118585727900_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamed, S.; Ibba, P.; Petrelli, M.; Ciocca, M.; Lugli, P.; Petti, L.\n          Transistor-Based Plant Sensors for Agriculture 4.0\nMeasurements. In  2021 IEEE International Workshop\non Metrology for Agriculture and Forestry (MetroAgriFor); IEEE, 2021; pp 69\u201374.","DOI":"10.1109\/MetroAgriFor52389.2021.9628560"},{"key":"2026083118585727900_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2021.106673","article-title":"Advances in\nGas Sensors and Electronic Nose Technologies for Agricultural Cycle\nApplications","volume":"193","author":"Seesaard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. 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Sustainable Syst."},{"key":"2026083118585727900_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115206","article-title":"Biodegradation of\nLow-Density Polyethylene and Polystyrene in Superworms, Larvae of\nZophobas Atratus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): Broad and Limited Extent\nDepolymerization","volume":"266","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026083118585727900_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6526","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b02301","article-title":"Biodegradation\nof\nPolyethylene and Plastic Mixtures in Mealworms (Larvae of Tenebrio\nMolitor) and Effects on the Gut Microbiome","volume":"52","author":"Brandon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"20","key":"2026083118585727900_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12087","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b02663","article-title":"Biodegradation and Mineralization\nof Polystyrene by Plastic-Eating Mealworms: Part 2. Role of Gut Microorganisms","volume":"49","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026083118585727900_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117470","article-title":"High Crystallinity\nof Tunicate Cellulose Nanofibers for High-Performance Engineering\nFilms","volume":"254","author":"Moon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026083118585727900_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900134","DOI":"10.1002\/adsu.201900134","article-title":"Eco-Degradable and\nFlexible Solid-State Ionic Conductors by Clay-Nanoconfined DMSO Composites","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. 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Rep."},{"issue":"32","key":"2026083118585727900_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11252","DOI":"10.1039\/d0tc00992j","article-title":"Scaling of\nCapacitance of PEDOT:PSS:\nVolume vs. Area","volume":"8","author":"Bianchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. 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Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026083118585727900_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5256","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b06963","article-title":"Biodegradation of Polystyrene\nby Dark (Tenebrio Obscurus) and Yellow (Tenebrio Molitor) Mealworms\n(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)","volume":"53","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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Met."}],"container-title":["Polymer Science &amp; Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/polymscitech.6c00022","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/pstoco\/article-pdf\/2\/8\/556\/65268786\/polymscitech.6c00022.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/pstoco\/article-pdf\/2\/8\/556\/65268786\/polymscitech.6c00022.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T22:59:09Z","timestamp":1788217149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/pstoco\/article\/2\/8\/556\/5170164\/From-Print-to-Soil-Superworm-Degradable-Organic"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/polymscitech.6c00022","relation":{},"ISSN":["2997-3279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2997-3279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]}}}