{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T04:29:38Z","timestamp":1791088178995,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,17]],"date-time":"2015-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1424131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN261201300033C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN261201300033C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R43ES022360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R43ES022360"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R43ES023529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R43ES023529"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The most common markers for monitoring patients with diabetes are glucose and HbA1c, but additional markers such as glycated human serum albumin (HSA) have been identified that could address the glycation gap and bridge the time scales of glycemia between transient and 2\u20133 months. However, there is currently no technical platform that could measure these markers concurrently in a cost-effective manner. We have developed a new assay that is able to measure glucose, HbA1c, glycated HSA, and glycated apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) for monitoring of individual blood glycemia, as well as cysteinylated HSA, S-nitrosylated HbA, and methionine-oxidized apoA-I for gauging oxidative stress and cardiovascular risks, all in 5 \u03bcL of blood. The assay utilizes our proprietary multinozzle emitter array chip technology to enable the analysis of small volumes of blood, without complex sample preparation prior to the online and on-chip liquid chromatography\u2013nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Importantly, the assay employs top-down proteomics for more accurate quantitation of protein levels and for identification of post-translational modifications. Further, the assay provides multimarker, multitime-scale, and multicompartment monitoring of blood glycemia. Our assay readily segregates healthy controls from Type 2 diabetes patients and may have the potential to enable better long-term monitoring and disease management of diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/pr401074t","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,17]],"date-time":"2014-02-17T09:40:51Z","timestamp":1392630051000},"page":"1560-1569","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Top-Down Proteomics of a Drop\nof Blood for Diabetes\nMonitoring"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Pan","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Newomics Inc. , 5980 Horton Street, Suite 525 , , ,","place":["Emeryville, California, United States, 94608"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daojing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newomics Inc. , 5980 Horton Street, Suite 525 , , ,","place":["Emeryville, California, United States, 94608"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2026090200095181800_cit1","first-page":"S67","article-title":"Diagnosis and classification of diabetes\nmellitus","volume":"36","author":"A.D.A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090200095181800_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2010.148841","article-title":"Status\nof hemoglobin A1c measurement\nand goals for improvement: from chaos to order for improving diabetes\ncare","volume":"57","author":"Little","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090200095181800_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-1348","article-title":"Measurement\nof hemoglobin A(1c): a new twist on the path to harmony","volume":"35","author":"Sacks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090200095181800_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.1.163","article-title":"Discordance between\nHbA1c and fructosamine: evidence for a glycosylation gap and its relation\nto diabetic nephropathy","volume":"26","author":"Cohen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026090200095181800_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-2450","article-title":"Estimation of the glycation\ngap in diabetic patients\nwith stable glycemic control","volume":"35","author":"Rodriguez-Segade","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090200095181800_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006070772","article-title":"Glycated albumin\nis a better glycemic\nindicator than glycated hemoglobin values in hemodialysis patients\nwith diabetes: effect of anemia and erythropoietin injection","volume":"18","author":"Inaba","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090200095181800_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2010.03.002","article-title":"Single cell analysis: the new frontier in \u2019omics\u2019","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090200095181800_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.02.009","article-title":"Personal omics profiling reveals\ndynamic molecular and medical phenotypes","volume":"148","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090200095181800_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1021\/pr100532g","article-title":"Evolution\nof clinical proteomics and its role in medicine","volume":"10","author":"Boja","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090200095181800_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M500331-MCP200","article-title":"Quantitative mass spectrometric multiple reaction monitoring\nassays for major plasma proteins","volume":"5","author":"Anderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Cell.\nProteomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090200095181800_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M900254-MCP200","article-title":"An automated\nand multiplexed method for high throughput peptide immunoaffinity\nenrichment and multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry-based\nquantification of protein biomarkers","volume":"9","author":"Whiteaker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. 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Chem."},{"issue":"8","key":"2026090200095181800_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4308","DOI":"10.1021\/pr3004216","article-title":"Evaluation of the\ncompact high-field orbitrap for top-down\nproteomics of human cells","volume":"11","author":"Ahlf","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"issue":"25","key":"2026090200095181800_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10153","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221210110","article-title":"Top-down proteomics\nreveals a unique protein S-thiolation switch in Salmonella Typhimurium\nin response to infection-like conditions","volume":"110","author":"Ansong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc.\nNatl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090200095181800_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1021\/ac202882y","article-title":"Advancements in top-down proteomics","volume":"84","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. 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Res."},{"issue":"26","key":"2026090200095181800_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19536","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M000458200","article-title":"Oxidation\nof methionine residues to methionine sulfoxides does not decrease\npotential antiatherogenic properties of apolipoprotein A-I","volume":"275","author":"Panzenbock","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"34","key":"2026090200095181800_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12224","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0802025105","article-title":"Methionine\noxidation impairs reverse cholesterol transport by apolipoprotein\nA-I","volume":"105","author":"Shao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090200095181800_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2005.06.012","article-title":"Age-related decrease\nin high-density lipoproteins antioxidant activity is due to an alteration\nin the PON1\u2019s free sulfhydryl groups","volume":"185","author":"Jaouad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090200095181800_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2010.222","article-title":"HDL and cardiovascular\ndisease: atherogenic and atheroprotective mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Navab","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090200095181800_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4027","DOI":"10.1021\/ac900243p","article-title":"Protein oxidative\nmodifications during electrospray ionization: solution phase electrochemistry\nor corona discharge-induced radical attack?","volume":"81","author":"Boys","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090200095181800_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1021\/ac701727r","article-title":"Fully automated four-column capillary LC\u2013MS\nsystem for maximizing throughput in proteomic analyses","volume":"80","author":"Livesay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. 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