{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T17:04:34Z","timestamp":1777136674569,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Chem. Res. Toxicol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,1]]},"DOI":"10.1021\/tx050033y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,18]],"date-time":"2005-07-18T04:14:20Z","timestamp":1121660060000},"page":"1140-1149","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Guanine-Specific Oxidation of Double-Stranded DNA by Cr(VI) and Ascorbic Acid Forms Spiroiminodihydantoin and 8-Oxo-2\u2018-deoxyguanosine"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Peter G.","family":"Slade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Katie","family":"Hailer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brooke D.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kent D.","family":"Sugden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"tx050033yb00001\/tx050033yb00001_1","first-page":"508","volume-title":"Nickel and Welding (1990)","volume":"48","author":"IARC"},{"key":"tx050033yb00002\/tx050033yb00002_1","volume-title":"Biological and Environmental Aspects of Chromium","author":"Hayes R. B.","year":"1982"},{"key":"tx050033yb00003\/tx050033yb00003_1","volume-title":"Characterization of DNA-protein complexes induced in intact cells by the carcinogen chromate. Mol. Carcinog. 1, 125\u2212133","author":"Miller C. A.","year":"1988"},{"key":"tx050033yb00004\/tx050033yb00004_1","volume-title":"Analysis of the induction of alkali sensitive sites in the DNA by chromate and other agents that induce single strand breaks. Carcinogenesis 5, 1207\u22121209","author":"Cantoni O.","year":"1984"},{"key":"tx050033yb00005\/tx050033yb00005_1","volume-title":"Binding of chromium to chromatin and DNA from liver and kidney of rats treated with sodium dichromate and chromium(III) chloride in vivo. Cancer Res. 145, 1146\u22121151","author":"Cupo D. Y.","year":"1985"},{"key":"tx050033yb00006\/tx050033yb00006_1","volume-title":"Chromium(VI)-induced DNA damage in chick embryo liver and blood cells in vivo. Carcinogenesis 7","author":"Hamilton J. W.","year":"1986"},{"key":"tx050033yb00007\/tx050033yb00007_1","volume-title":"Analysis of metal-induced DNA lesions and DNA-repair replication in mammalian cells. Mutat. Res. 131, 173\u2212182","author":"Robison S. H.","year":"1984"},{"key":"tx050033yb00008\/tx050033yb00008_1","first-page":"124","volume":"54","author":"Connett P. H.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Struct. Bonding"},{"key":"tx050033yb00009\/tx050033yb00009_1","volume":"266","author":"Sugiyama M.","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"tx050033yb00010\/tx050033yb00010_1","volume":"135","author":"Goodgame D. M. L.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Inorg. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"tx050033yb00011\/tx050033yb00011_1","volume-title":"Reaction of Cr(VI) with ascorbate and hydrogen peroxide generates hydroxyl radicals and causes DNA damage:\u2009 role of Cr(IV)-mediated Fenton-like reaction. Carcinogenesis 15, 2475\u22122478","author":"Shi X.","year":"1994"},{"key":"tx050033yb00012\/tx050033yb00012_1","volume-title":"Reaction of chromium(VI) with ascorbate produces chromium(V), chromium(IV) and carbon-based radicals. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 7, 219\u2212230","author":"Stearns D. M.","year":"1994"},{"key":"tx050033yb00013\/tx050033yb00013_1","volume-title":"The reduction of chromium(VI) to chromium(III) by glutathione:\u2009 an intracellular redox pathway in the metabolism of the carcinogen chromate. Toxicology 33, 341\u2212348","author":"Wiegand H. J.","year":"1984"},{"key":"tx050033yb00014\/tx050033yb00014_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00300a035","volume":"107","author":"Connett P. H.","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"tx050033yb00015\/tx050033yb00015_1","volume-title":"Ascorbate is the principal reductant of chromium(VI) in rat liver and kidney ultrafiltrates. Carcinogenesis 12, 1733\u22121737","author":"Standeven A. M.","year":"1991"},{"key":"tx050033yb00016\/tx050033yb00016_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.199507461","volume-title":"Carbon\u2212hydrogen bonds of sugar units as targets for chemical nucleases and drugs","author":"Pratviel G.","year":"1995"},{"key":"tx050033yb00017\/tx050033yb00017_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/cr960421s","volume":"98","author":"Burrows C. J.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"tx050033yb00018\/tx050033yb00018_1","volume-title":"Deferoxamine inhibition of Cr(V)-mediated radical generation and deoxyguanine hydroxylation:\u2009 ESR and HPLC evidence. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 293, 281\u2212286","author":"Shi X.","year":"1992"},{"key":"tx050033yb00019\/tx050033yb00019_1","volume-title":"Two pathways for chromium(VI)-induced DNA damage in 14 day chick embryos:\u2009 Cr-DNA binding in liver and 8-oxo-2\u2018-deoxyguanosine in red blood cells. Carcinogenesis 15, 2911\u22122917","author":"Misra M.","year":"1994"},{"key":"tx050033yb00020\/tx050033yb00020_1","volume":"117","author":"Saito I.","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"tx050033yb00021\/tx050033yb00021_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/ja028039m","volume":"125","author":"Yoshioka Y.","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"tx050033yb00022\/tx050033yb00022_1","volume-title":"Insertion of specific bases during DNA synthesis past the oxidation damaged base 8-oxodG. Nature 349, 431\u2212434","author":"Shibutani S.","year":"1991"},{"key":"tx050033yb00023\/tx050033yb00023_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/ja993508e","volume":"122","author":"Steenken S.","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"tx050033yb00024\/tx050033yb00024_1","volume-title":"Gel electrophoretic detection of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine and 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoadenine via oxidation by Ir(IV). Nucleic Acids Res. 26, 2247\u22122249","author":"Muller J. G.","year":"1998"},{"key":"tx050033yb00025\/tx050033yb00025_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/jo030095y","volume":"68","author":"Delaney S.","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"tx050033yb00026\/tx050033yb00026_1","volume-title":"Direct oxidation of guanine and 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-guanine in DNA by a high valent chromium complex:\u2009 a possible mechanism of chromate genotoxicity. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 14, 1315\u22121322","author":"Sugden K. D.","year":"2001"},{"key":"tx050033yb00027\/tx050033yb00027_1","volume-title":"Guanine and 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-guanine specific oxidation in DNA by chromium(V)\u2018\u2009\u2018 Environ. Health Perspect. 110, 725\u2212728","author":"Sugden K. D.","year":"2002"},{"key":"tx050033yb00028\/tx050033yb00028_1","volume":"2","author":"Luo W.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"tx050033yb00029\/tx050033yb00029_1","volume-title":"Peroxynitrite-induced reactions of synthetic oligonucleotides containing 8-oxoguanine. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 12, 459\u2212466","author":"Tretyakova N. Y.","year":"1999"},{"key":"tx050033yb00030\/tx050033yb00030_1","volume-title":"Insertion of dGMP and dAMP during in vitro DNA synthesis opposite an oxidized form of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine. Nucleic Acids Res. 27, 496\u2212502","author":"Duarte V.","year":"1999"},{"key":"tx050033yb00031\/tx050033yb00031_1","volume-title":"The hydantoin lesions formed from oxidation of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine are potent sources of replication errors in vivo. Biochemistry 42, 9257\u22129262","author":"Henderson P. T.","year":"2003"},{"key":"tx050033yb00032\/tx050033yb00032_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kornyushyna, O., Berges, A. M., Muller, J. G., and Burrows, C. J. (2002) In vitro nucleotide misinsertion opposite the oxidized guanosine lesions spiroiminodihydantoin and guanidinohydantoin and DNA synthesis past the lesions usingEscherichia coliDNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment).Biochemistry41, 15304\u221215314.","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0264925"},{"key":"tx050033yb00033\/tx050033yb00033_1","volume-title":"Oxidation of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine affords lesions that are potent sources of replication errors in vivo. Biochemistry 42, 914\u2212921","author":"Henderson P. T.","year":"2002"},{"key":"tx050033yb00034\/tx050033yb00034_1","volume-title":"Mutational specificity in a shuttle vector replicating in chromium(VI)-treated mammalian cells. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 33, 313\u2212319","author":"Liu S.","year":"1999"},{"key":"tx050033yb00035\/tx050033yb00035_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, Z., Hu, W., Rom, W. N., Costa, M., and Tang, M. S. (2003) Chromium(VI) exposure enhances polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA binding at the p53 gene in human lung cells.Carcinogenesis 24, 771\u2212778.","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgg012"},{"key":"tx050033yb00036\/tx050033yb00036_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2004.07.006","volume":"4","author":"Hailer M. K.","year":"2005","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"tx050033yb00037\/tx050033yb00037_1","volume":"3","author":"Luo W.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Organic Lett."},{"key":"tx050033yb00038\/tx050033yb00038_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.12.025","volume":"136","author":"Bolin C.","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"tx050033yb00039\/tx050033yb00039_1","volume-title":"Hypervalent chromium mimics reactive oxygen species as measured by the oxidant-sensitive dyes 2\u2018,7\u2018-dichlorofluorescein and dihydrorhodamine. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 11, 1402\u22121410","author":"Martin B. D.","year":"1998"},{"key":"tx050033yb00040\/tx050033yb00040_1","volume-title":"Effects of Cr(VI) on the expression of the oxidative stress genes in human lung cells. Carcinogenesis 19, 1401\u22121408","author":"Dubrovskaya V.","year":"1998"},{"key":"tx050033yb00041\/tx050033yb00041_1","volume-title":"DNA glycosylases in the base excision repair of DNA. Curr. Biol. 7, 397\u2212407","author":"Krokan H. E.","year":"1997"},{"key":"tx050033yb00042\/tx050033yb00042_1","volume-title":"Cloning of a yeast 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase reveals the existence of a base-excision DNA-repair protein superfamily. Curr. Biol. 6, 968\u2212980","author":"Nash H. M.","year":"1996"},{"key":"tx050033yb00043\/tx050033yb00043_1","volume":"135","author":"Gould E. S.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"tx050033yb00044\/tx050033yb00044_1","volume-title":"DNA lesions derived from site selective oxidation of guanine by carbonate radicals. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 16, 1528\u22121538","author":"Joffe A.","year":"2003"},{"key":"tx050033yb00045\/tx050033yb00045_1","volume":"125","author":"Ye Y.","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"tx050033yb00046\/tx050033yb00046_1","volume-title":"Base-specific arrest of in vitro DNA replication by carcinogenic chromium:\u2009 relationship to DNA interstrand crosslinking. Carcinogenesis 15, 2421\u22122427","author":"Bridgewater L. C.","year":"1994"},{"key":"tx050033yb00047\/tx050033yb00047_1","first-page":"11","volume":"18","author":"Zhitkhovich A.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"tx050033yb00048\/tx050033yb00048_1","volume-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90","author":"Ames B. N.","year":"1993"},{"key":"tx050033yb00049\/tx050033yb00049_1","volume-title":"Mutagenesis by 8-oxoguanine:\u2009 an enemy within. Trends Genet. 9, 246\u2212249","author":"Grollman A. P.","year":"1993"},{"key":"tx050033yb00050\/tx050033yb00050_1","volume-title":"The human 8-oxoguanine DNA N-glycosylase 1 (hOGG1) DNA repair enzyme and its association with lung cancer risk. Pharmacogenetics 14, 103\u2212109","author":"Park J.","year":"2004"},{"key":"tx050033yb00051\/tx050033yb00051_1","volume-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97","author":"Minowa O.","year":"2000"},{"key":"tx050033yb00052\/tx050033yb00052_1","volume-title":"Age-related and tissue-specific accumulation of oxidative DNA base damage in 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase (Ogg1) deficient mice. Carcinogenesis 22, 1459\u22121463","author":"Osterod M.","year":"2001"},{"key":"tx050033yb00053\/tx050033yb00053_1","volume-title":"Genotoxicity and mutagenicity of chromium(VI)\/ascorbate-generated DNA adducts in human and bacterial cells. Biochemistry 42, 1062\u22121070","author":"Quievryn G.","year":"2003"},{"key":"tx050033yb00054\/tx050033yb00054_1","volume-title":"Reaction of singlet oxygen with 2\u2018-deoxyguanosine and DNA. Isolation and characterization of the main oxidation products. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 8, 379\u2212388","author":"Ravanat J. L.","year":"1995"},{"key":"tx050033yb00055\/tx050033yb00055_1","volume-title":"Recent aspects of oxidative DNA damage:\u2009 guanine lesions, measurements and substrate specificity of DNA repair glycosylases. Biol. Chem. 383, 933\u2212943","author":"Cadet J.","year":"2002"},{"key":"tx050033yn00001\/tx050033yn00001_1","volume-title":"spiroiminodihydantoin","author":"Abbreviations G"}],"container-title":["Chemical Research in Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/tx050033y","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T13:17:09Z","timestamp":1678886229000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/tx050033y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,17]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1021\/tx050033y"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/tx050033y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-228X","1520-5010"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-228X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5010","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,17]]}}}