{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T17:10:01Z","timestamp":1769879401892,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Chem. Res. Toxicol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,4,1]]},"DOI":"10.1021\/tx980229g","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T05:34:27Z","timestamp":1027661667000},"page":"371-381","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["In Vitro Plasmid DNA Cleavage by Chromium(V) and -(IV) 2-Hydroxycarboxylato Complexes"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Aviva","family":"Levina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia, and Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra 0200 ACT, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Barr-David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia, and Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra 0200 ACT, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Codd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia, and Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra 0200 ACT, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Lay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia, and Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra 0200 ACT, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas E.","family":"Dixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia, and Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra 0200 ACT, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Hammersh\u00f8i","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia, and Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra 0200 ACT, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Hendry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia, and Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra 0200 ACT, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"tx980229gb00001\/tx980229gb00001_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3109\/10408449709078442","volume":"27","author":"Costa M.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"tx980229gb00002\/tx980229gb00002_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kortenkamp, A., Casadevall, M., Da Cruz Fresco, P., and Shayer, R. O. J. (1997) Pathways in the chromium(VI)-mediated formation of DNA lesions:\u2009 a review.NATO ASI Ser., Ser. 226, 15\u221234.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-5780-3_2"},{"key":"tx980229gb00003\/tx980229gb00003_1","volume-title":"Ser. 2 26, 55\u221272.","author":"Stearns D. M.","year":"1997"},{"key":"tx980229gb00004\/tx980229gb00004_1","first-page":"124","volume":"54","author":"Connett P.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Struct. Bonding (Berlin)"},{"key":"tx980229gb00005\/tx980229gb00005_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00506a013","volume":"101","author":"Krumpolc M.","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"tx980229gb00006\/tx980229gb00006_1","volume-title":"Chromium(V) oxidation of organic compounds. Inorg. Chem. 24, 617\u2212621","author":"Krumpolc M.","year":"1985"},{"key":"tx980229gb00007\/tx980229gb00007_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farrell, R. P., and Lay, P. A. (1992) New insights into the structures and reactions of chromium(V) complexes:\u2009 implications for chromium(VI) and chromium(V) oxidations of organic substrates and the mechanisms of chromium-induced cancers.Comments Inorg. Chem.13, 133\u2212175.","DOI":"10.1080\/02603594.1992.11102160"},{"key":"tx980229gb00008\/tx980229gb00008_1","volume-title":"Chromium(V)-induced cleavage of DNA:\u2009 are chromium(V) complexes the active carcinogens in chromium(VI)-induced cancers? Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2, 227\u2212229","author":"Farrell R. P.","year":"1989"},{"key":"tx980229gb00009\/tx980229gb00009_1","volume-title":"Direct and hydrogen peroxide-induced chromium(V) oxidation of deoxyribose in single-stranded and double-stranded calf thymus DNA. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 10, 1397\u22121406","author":"Sugden K. D.","year":"1997"},{"key":"tx980229gb00010\/tx980229gb00010_1","volume-title":"Mechanisms of DNA damage by chromium(V) carcinogens. Nucleic Acids Res. 26, 1588\u22121596","author":"Bose R. N.","year":"1998"},{"key":"tx980229gb00011\/tx980229gb00011_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/ja962428x","volume":"118","author":"Sugden K. D.","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"tx980229gb00012\/tx980229gb00012_1","unstructured":"Codd, R. (1997) The chemistry of chiral chromium(V) complexes with quinic acid and other 2-hydroxy acids. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia."},{"key":"tx980229gb00013\/tx980229gb00013_1","volume-title":"Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry","author":"Larkworthy L. F.","year":"1987"},{"key":"tx980229gb00014\/tx980229gb00014_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1039\/ft9959101207","volume":"91","author":"Barr-David G.","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans."},{"key":"tx980229gb00015\/tx980229gb00015_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barr-David, G., Hambley, T. W., Irwin, J. A., Judd, R. J., Lay, P. A., Martin, B. M., Bramley, R., Dixon, N. E., Hendry, P., Ji, J.Y., Baker, R. S. U., and Bonin, A. M. (1992) Suppression by vanadium(IV) of chromium(V)-mediated DNA cleavage and chromium(VI\/V)-induced mutagenesis. Synthesis and crystal structure of the vanadium(IV) complex (NH4)[V(O){HOC(Et)2COO}{OC(Et)2COO}].Inorg. Chem.31, 4906\u22124908.","DOI":"10.1021\/ic00050a002"},{"key":"tx980229gb00016\/tx980229gb00016_1","volume-title":"Reduction of chromium(VI) by ascorbate leads to chromium-DNA binding and DNA strand breaks in vitro. Biochemistry 34, 910\u2212919","author":"Stearns D. M.","year":"1995"},{"key":"tx980229gb00017\/tx980229gb00017_1","volume-title":"A role for molecular oxygen in the formation of DNA damage during the reduction of the carcinogen chromium(VI) by glutathione. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 329, 199\u2212207","author":"Kortenkamp A.","year":"1996"},{"key":"tx980229gb00018\/tx980229gb00018_1","unstructured":"Zhang, L. (1998) EPR and XAFS studies of biologically relevant chromium(V) complexes and manganese(II)-activated aminopeptidase P. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia."},{"key":"tx980229gb00019\/tx980229gb00019_1","first-page":"35","volume":"64","author":"Luo H.","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"tx980229gb00020\/tx980229gb00020_1","first-page":"58","volume":"235","author":"Liu K. J.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"tx980229gb00021\/tx980229gb00021_1","volume-title":"Electron transfer. 106. Stabilized aqueous chromium(IV), as prepared from the chromium(VI)\u2212arsenic(III) reaction. Inorg. Chem. 30, 491\u2212494","author":"Ghosh M. C.","year":"1991"},{"key":"tx980229gb00022\/tx980229gb00022_1","volume-title":"Stability and ligand exchange reactions of chromium(IV) carboxylato complexes in aqueous solutions. Inorg. Chem. 36, 5440\u22125448","author":"Codd R.","year":"1997"},{"key":"tx980229gb00023\/tx980229gb00023_1","volume":"135","author":"Gould E. S.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"tx980229gb00024\/tx980229gb00024_1","volume":"118","author":"Bose R. N.","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"tx980229gb00025\/tx980229gb00025_1","volume":"120","author":"Lay P. A.","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"tx980229gb00026\/tx980229gb00026_1","unstructured":"Irwin, J. A. (1998) Cr(V)-sugar complexes:\u2009 possible intracellular intermediates of importance to chromate-induced carcinogenesis. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia."},{"key":"tx980229gb00027\/tx980229gb00027_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1110(80)90027-5","volume":"75","author":"Leonard A.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"tx980229gb00028\/tx980229gb00028_1","volume-title":"Use of ascorbate as test for catalytic metals in simple buffers. Methods Enzymol. 186, 125\u2212127","author":"Buettner G. R.","year":"1990"},{"key":"tx980229gb00029\/tx980229gb00029_1","volume-title":"version 2.5 (1993) Adobe Systems Inc","author":"Adobe Photoshop"},{"key":"tx980229gb00030\/tx980229gb00030_1","volume-title":"Oxidative DNA damage:\u2009 endonuclease fingerprinting. Methods Enzymol. 234, 122\u2212131","author":"Epe B.","year":"1994"},{"key":"tx980229gb00031\/tx980229gb00031_1","volume-title":"The DNA cleavage induced by a chromium(V) complex and by chromate and glutathione is mediated by activated oxygen species. Mutat. Res. 232, 155\u2212161","author":"Kortenkamp A.","year":"1990"},{"key":"tx980229gb00032\/tx980229gb00032_1","volume-title":"The generation of DNA single-strand breaks during the reduction of chromate by ascorbic acid and\/or glutathione in vitro. Environ. Health Perspect. Suppl. 3 102, 237\u2212241","author":"Kortenkamp A.","year":"1994"},{"key":"tx980229gb00033\/tx980229gb00033_1","unstructured":"Judd, R. J. (1992) The chemistry of Cr(V), V(V) and V(IV) 2- hydroxybutanoato complexes. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia."},{"key":"tx980229gb00034\/tx980229gb00034_1","volume-title":"Use of polyaminocarboxylates as metal chelators. Methods Enzymol. 186, 116\u2212120","author":"Cabelli D.","year":"1990"},{"key":"tx980229gb00035\/tx980229gb00035_1","volume-title":"Is there a role for reactive oxygen species in the mechanism of chromium(VI) carcinogenesis? Chem. Res. Toxicol. 4, 616\u2212625","author":"Standeven A. M.","year":"1991"},{"key":"tx980229gb00036\/tx980229gb00036_1","volume-title":"The role of oxidative processes in metal carcinogenesis. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 4, 592\u2212604","author":"Klein C. B.","year":"1991"},{"key":"tx980229gb00037\/tx980229gb00037_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.199507461","volume-title":"Carbon\u2212hydrogen bonds of DNA sugar units as targets for chemical nucleases and drugs","author":"Pratviel G.","year":"1995"},{"key":"tx980229gb00038\/tx980229gb00038_1","volume-title":"Solvent dependence of the EPR spectra of oxochromate(V) complexes:\u2009 solution structures and the effects of hydrogen bonding between the solvent and complex. Inorg. Chem. 29, 3089\u22123094","author":"Bramley R.","year":"1990"},{"key":"tx980229gb00039\/tx980229gb00039_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farrell, R. P., Lay, P. A., Levina, A., Maxwell, I. A., Bramley, R., Brumby, S., and Ji, J.Y. (1998) An EPR spectroscopic study of chromium(V) oxalato complexes in aqueous solutions. Mechanism of the chromium(VI) oxidation of oxalic acid.Inorg. Chem.37, 3159\u22123166.","DOI":"10.1021\/ic971070i"},{"key":"tx980229gb00040\/tx980229gb00040_1","author":"Judd R. J.","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 2205\u22122210."},{"key":"tx980229gb00041\/tx980229gb00041_1","volume-title":"EPR evidence for chromium(V) binding to phosphate and pyrophosphate:\u2009 implications for chromium(V)-DNA interactions. Inorg. Chem. 35, 3727\u22123728","author":"Sugden K. D.","year":"1996"},{"key":"tx980229gb00042\/tx980229gb00042_1","volume-title":"Formation of amino acid-DNA complexes by hexavalent and trivalent chromium in vitro:\u2009 importance of trivalent chromium and the phosphate group. Biochemistry 35, 7275\u22127282","author":"Zhitkovich A.","year":"1996"},{"key":"tx980229gb00043\/tx980229gb00043_1","volume-title":"Mechanisms of DNA cleavage by high-valent metal complexes. Adv. Chem. 246, 405\u2212429","author":"Neyhart G. A.","year":"1995"},{"key":"tx980229gb00044\/tx980229gb00044_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/ja972769q","volume":"119","author":"Giese B.","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"tx980229gb00045\/tx980229gb00045_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/cr960437i","volume":"98","author":"Pogozelski W. K.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"tx980229gb00046\/tx980229gb00046_1","volume-title":"Chromium bound to DNA alters cleavage by restriction endonucleases. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 4, 638\u2212641","author":"Borges K. M.","year":"1991"},{"key":"tx980229gb00047\/tx980229gb00047_1","volume-title":"Electron transfer. 111. Disproportionation of carboxylato-bound chromium(IV). Catalysis by manganese(II). Inorg. Chem. 31, 702\u2212705","author":"Ghosh M. C.","year":"1992"},{"key":"tx980229gb00048\/tx980229gb00048_1","volume-title":"Electron transfer. 65. Cerium catalysis of the disproportionation of carboxylato-bound chromium(V). Inorg. Chem. 22, 3798\u22123801","author":"Rajasekar N.","year":"1983"},{"key":"tx980229gn00002\/tx980229gn00002_1","volume-title":"bis(hydroxyethyl)amino tris(hydroxymethyl)methane","author":"Abbreviations"}],"container-title":["Chemical Research in Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/tx980229g","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T02:26:46Z","timestamp":1678760806000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/tx980229g"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,25]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,4,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1021\/tx980229g"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/tx980229g","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-228X","1520-5010"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-228X","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5010","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,25]]}}}