{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T08:39:48Z","timestamp":1792744788783,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792713600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792713600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792713600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-045"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Projects in Key Areas of Nansha District","award":["2023ZD017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZD017"]}]},{"name":"National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program)","award":["2023YFC2811005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2811005"]}]},{"name":"National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program)","award":["2024YFC2814703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC2814703"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["52674061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52674061"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>During natural gas hydrate production in the Shenhu area of the South China Sea, water released from hydrate dissociation coupled with formation water, may induce water-locking, which blocks gas flow pathways and restricts productivity. To elucidate the mechanisms and potential remediation strategies, this study employed low-field NMR to systematically investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of water-locking in argillaceous silt hydrate reservoirs at initial water saturations of 50%, 70%, 90%, and 100%, and evaluated three antiwaterblocking agents (fluorocarbon types I and II, and nonionic surfactant III). Results show that water-locking predominantly occurs in micropores (T2 &amp;lt; 10 ms, pore size &amp;lt; 1 \u03bcm), with intensity increasing exponentially with saturation through four stages (end-face, mid-end combined, wide-area, and full-domain water-locking) identifying 70% saturation as the critical range for the tested material. Agents I and II perform effectively at low to moderate saturations, but their efficacy is severely limited at saturations \u226590% and under fully saturated conditions. Displacement pressure synergistically enhances agent performance, yet pressure alone is insufficient. This study clarifies the evolution mechanisms and application boundaries of chemical remediation, offering theoretical guidance for water-locking prevention and efficient hydrate development in the South China Sea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.6c04198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T01:01:49Z","timestamp":1792717309000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Water-Locking and Its Release Effects in Argillaceous\nSilt Hydrate-Bearing Sediments by NMR Technology"],"prefix":"10.1021","author":[{"given":"Chuang","family":"Mi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510640"]},{"name":"Shenyang University of Chemical Technology , ,","place":["Shenyang, China, 110142"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3272-8170","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jingsheng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510640"]},{"name":"Shenyang University of Chemical Technology , ,","place":["Shenyang, China, 110142"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6196-8654","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Donghui","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Geological Survey , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 511458"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaixiang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Geological Survey , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 511458"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9921-820X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dongliang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510640"]},{"name":"Shenyang University of Chemical Technology , ,","place":["Shenyang, China, 110142"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9276-680X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510640"]},{"name":"Shenyang University of Chemical Technology , ,","place":["Shenyang, China, 110142"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3374-6485","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lingli","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510640"]},{"name":"Shenyang University of Chemical Technology , ,","place":["Shenyang, China, 110142"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7534-4578","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Deqing","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 510640"]},{"name":"Shenyang University of Chemical Technology , ,","place":["Shenyang, China, 110142"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4970-8574","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chenlu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Geological Survey , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 511458"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5767-096X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hongfeng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Geological Survey , , ,","place":["Guangzhou, China, 511458"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102221014196300_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.139632","article-title":"Identification and\nprediction of hydrate\u2013slug flow to improve safety and efficiency\nof deepwater hydrocarbon transportation","volume":"430","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J.\nClean. 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Oil Gas\nTechnol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102221014196300_cit32","first-page":"277","article-title":"Synthesis and evaluation of a novel anti-water blocking agent for\nlow-permeability reservoir","volume":"31","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026102221014196300_cit33","first-page":"1459","article-title":"Mechanism\nof Waterproof Locking in\nTight Sandstone Gas Reservoir Based on Low Field Nuclear Magnetic\nResonance Technology","volume":"24","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Eng"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026102221014196300_cit34","first-page":"2280","article-title":"Experimental\nresearch on the methods to remove water\nblocking effect based on nuclear magnetic resonance testing","volume":"43","author":"Ni","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. China Coal Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026102221014196300_cit35","first-page":"104","article-title":"Microscopic mechanism\nof supercritical\ncarbon dioxide for alleviating water-locking effect: a case study\nof tight sandstone gas reservoirs in Lishu Fault Depression","volume":"45","author":"Xiao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Global Geol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026102221014196300_cit36","first-page":"719","article-title":"Research on the evaluation of deep\ncoal seam water lock damage and optimization of water lock release\nagents based on low field nuclear magnetic resonance technology","volume":"41","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Prog. 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Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"2026102221014196300_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2021.109614","article-title":"Numerical analysis of horizontal wellbore state during\ndrilling at\nthe first offshore hydrate production test site in Shenhu area of\nthe South China Sea","volume":"239","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocean Eng"},{"key":"2026102221014196300_cit43","first-page":"28","article-title":"Mineralogy\nof the Sediments from\nGas-hydrate Drilling Sites, Shenhu Area, South China Sea","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gresearch Of Eological South China Sea"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026102221014196300_cit44","first-page":"94","article-title":"Pore structure and movable fluid\ncharacteristies of tight sandstone reservoirs in the Lower Shibezi\nFormation in the Hangjingi area","volume":"42","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ordos Basin.\nBull. Geol. Sci. 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Pet"}],"container-title":["Energy &amp; Fuels"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.6c04198","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/enfuem\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.6c04198\/68956342\/acs.energyfuels.6c04198.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/enfuem\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.6c04198\/68956342\/acs.energyfuels.6c04198.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T08:09:26Z","timestamp":1792742966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/enfuem\/article\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.6c04198\/5456821\/Water-Locking-and-Its-Release-Effects-in"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"references-count":47,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.6c04198","relation":{},"ISSN":["0887-0624","1520-5029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0887-0624","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-5029","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]}}}