{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T04:12:54Z","timestamp":1791691974473,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,12]],"date-time":"2016-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1460419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":49,"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/page\/policy\/authorchoice_ccby_termsofuse.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/L007010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/L007010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Plastic debris is a widespread contaminant, prevalent in aquatic ecosystems across the globe. Zooplankton readily ingest microscopic plastic (microplastic, &amp;lt; 1 mm), which are later egested within their faecal pellets. These pellets are a source of food for marine organisms, and contribute to the oceanic vertical flux of particulate organic matter as part of the biological pump. The effects of microplastics on faecal pellet properties are currently unknown. Here we test the hypotheses that (1) faecal pellets are a vector for transport of microplastics, (2) polystyrene microplastics can alter the properties and sinking rates of zooplankton egests and, (3) faecal pellets can facilitate the transfer of plastics to coprophagous biota. Following exposure to 20.6 \u03bcm polystyrene microplastics (1000 microplastics mL\u20131) and natural prey (\u223c1650 algae mL\u20131) the copepod Calanus helgolandicus egested faecal pellets with significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.001) reduced densities, a 2.25-fold reduction in sinking rates, and a higher propensity for fragmentation. We further show that microplastics, encapsulated within egests of the copepod Centropages typicus, could be transferred to C. helgolandicus via coprophagy. Our results support the proposal that sinking faecal matter represents a mechanism by which floating plastics can be vertically transported away from surface waters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b05905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,23]],"date-time":"2016-02-23T12:42:16Z","timestamp":1456231336000},"page":"3239-3246","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":640,"title":["Microplastics\nAlter the Properties and Sinking Rates\nof Zooplankton Faecal Pellets"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Matthew","family":"Cole","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter , , ,","place":["Exeter, United Kingdom, EX4 4QD"]},{"name":"Plymouth Marine Laboratory , ,","place":["Plymouth, United Kingdom, PL1 3DH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penelope K.","family":"Lindeque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plymouth Marine Laboratory , ,","place":["Plymouth, United Kingdom, PL1 3DH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"Fileman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plymouth Marine Laboratory , ,","place":["Plymouth, United Kingdom, PL1 3DH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter , , ,","place":["Exeter, United Kingdom, EX4 4QD"]},{"name":"Plymouth Marine Laboratory , ,","place":["Plymouth, United Kingdom, PL1 3DH"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ceri","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter , , ,","place":["Exeter, United Kingdom, EX4 4QD"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Halsband","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akvaplan-niva AS, FRAM \u2500 , ,","place":["Troms\u00f8, Norway, N-9296"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara S.","family":"Galloway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter , , ,","place":["Exeter, United Kingdom, EX4 4QD"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"28","key":"2026090317133960700_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10239","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1314705111","article-title":"Plastic debris in the open ocean","volume":"111","author":"Co\u0301zar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. 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Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026090317133960700_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1021\/es504525u","article-title":"The impact\nof polystyrene microplastics on feeding, function and fecundity in\nthe marine copepod Calanus helgolandicus","volume":"49","author":"Cole","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090317133960700_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14625","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b04099","article-title":"Ingestion of nanoplastics\nand microplastics by Pacific\noyster larvae","volume":"49","author":"Cole","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090317133960700_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1021\/es404295e","article-title":"Ingestion of microplastic has limited\nimpact on a marine larva","volume":"48","author":"Kaposi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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Technol."},{"key":"2026090317133960700_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2015.04.003","article-title":"Interactions\nbetween microplastics\nand phytoplankton aggregates: Impact on their respective fates","volume":"175","author":"Long","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Chem."},{"key":"2026090317133960700_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2010.51","article-title":"The volume of Earth\u2019s ocean","volume":"23","author":"Charette","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oceanogr."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026090317133960700_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-326X(02)00150-9","article-title":"A comparison\nof neustonic plastic and zooplankton abundance in southern California\u2019s\ncoastal waters","volume":"44","author":"Moore","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090317133960700_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2010.10.001","article-title":"Plastic particles\nin coastal pelagic ecosystems of the Northeast Pacific ocean","volume":"71","author":"Doyle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090317133960700_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2012.01.011","article-title":"Neustonic microplastic\nand zooplankton in the North\nWestern Mediterranean Sea","volume":"64","author":"Collignon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"2026090317133960700_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e184","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.184","article-title":"Gooseneck\nbarnacles (Lepas spp.) ingest microplastic\ndebris in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre","volume":"1","author":"Goldstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026090317133960700_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-12-1249-2015","article-title":"The vertical\ndistribution of buoyant plastics at sea: an observational study in\nthe North Atlantic Gyre","volume":"12","author":"Reisser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"2026090317133960700_cit53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3354\/meps07095","article-title":"Coprohexy, coprophagy, and coprochaly in the copepods Calanus helgolandicus, Pseudocalanus elongatus, and Oithona similis","volume":"350","author":"Iversen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar.\nEcol.: Prog. Ser."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026090317133960700_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01313152","article-title":"What happens to zooplankton faecal\npellets? Implications for material flux","volume":"104","author":"Lampitt","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mar.\nBiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026090317133960700_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00347540","article-title":"Zooplankton\ngrazing on the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi and its role in inorganic\ncarbon flux","volume":"119","author":"Harris","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"2026090317133960700_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.10.013","article-title":"Ingestion and transfer of microplastics\nin the planktonic food web","volume":"185","author":"Seta\u0308la\u0308","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"15","key":"2026090317133960700_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8823","DOI":"10.1021\/es501090e","article-title":"Uptake\nand retention of microplastics\nby the shore crab Carcinus maenas","volume":"48","author":"Watts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ.\nSci. Technol."},{"key":"2026090317133960700_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.01.046","article-title":"Trophic level transfer of microplastic: Mytilus edulis (L.) to Carcinus maenas (L.)","volume":"177","author":"Farrell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026090317133960700_cit59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2011.03.032","article-title":"Plastic contamination in the decapod\ncrustacean Nephrops\nnorvegicus (Linnaeus, 1758)","volume":"62","author":"Murray","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. 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