{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T09:02:38Z","timestamp":1785229358231,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004318","name":"Microsoft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004318","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Yale Center for Natural Carbon Capture"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008118","name":"The Grantham Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008118","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Enhanced weathering (EW) is a durable carbon removal strategy with clear pathways to produce significant global supply on a decadal scale. Despite increasing interest and investment in this process, there have been limited direct, continuous observations of instantaneous carbon removal rates from feedstock dissolution. In this study, we monitor a soybean plot amended with basalt in Southeast Virginia using continuous in-soil CO2 monitors, a method not previously applied in agricultural EW trials. We provide clear evidence of CO2 flux reduction within the soil profile, equivalent to 1.04 tCO2 ha\u20131 yr\u20131. This removal is most substantial in the growing season, following significant rain pulses. This work supports that direct, continuous gas-phase measurements could play an important role in advancing our understanding of biotic and abiotic influences on enhanced weathering rates while demonstrating enhanced weathering to be a rigorous, scalable method of durable carbon removal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.5c00441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T14:46:01Z","timestamp":1753713961000},"page":"970-976","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Direct Measurement\nof Carbon Dioxide Removal Due to\nEnhanced Weathering"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6996-3694","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ella","family":"Milliken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University , , , ,","place":["New Haven, Connecticut, United States, 06520"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Woodley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University , , , ,","place":["Raleigh, North Carolina, United States, 27695"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah J.","family":"Planavsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University , , , ,","place":["New Haven, Connecticut, United States, 06520"]},{"name":"Yale University , , , ,","place":["New Haven, Connecticut, United States, 06520"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026072802065270600_cit1","unstructured":"Emissions Gap Report\n2024 | UNEP - UN Environment Programme. https:\/\/www.unep.org\/resources\/emissions-gap-report-2024 (accessed\n2025-03-10)."},{"key":"2026072802065270600_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17605\/OSF.IO\/F85QJ","volume-title":"The\nState of Carbon Dioxide Removal 2024","author":"Smith","year":"2024","edition":"2"},{"key":"2026072802065270600_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675499","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2021.675499","article-title":"Cancel (Out) Emissions?\nThe Envisaged Role of Carbon Dioxide Removal Technologies in Long-Term\nNational Climate Strategies","volume":"3","author":"Buylova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Clim."},{"key":"2026072802065270600_cit4","unstructured":"Securing Our Future: Europe\u2019s 2040 Climate Target and Path\nto Climate Neutrality by 2050 Building a Sustainable, Just and Prosperous\nSociety. 2024. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=COM%3A2024%3A63%3AFIN."},{"issue":"5","key":"2026072802065270600_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2578","article-title":"Fossil Fuels in a Trillion\nTonne World","volume":"5","author":"Scott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Clim Change"},{"key":"2026072802065270600_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-112320-105050","article-title":"Net Zero: Science,\nOrigins, and Implications","volume":"47","author":"Allen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annual Review of\nEnvironment and Resources"},{"key":"2026072802065270600_cit7","volume-title":"The Land Gap Report\n2022","author":"Dooley","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026072802065270600_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08429-2","article-title":"Transforming US Agriculture for Carbon\nRemoval with\nEnhanced Weathering","volume":"638","author":"Beerling","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026072802065270600_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/rog.20004","article-title":"Enhanced Chemical Weathering as a\nGeoengineering Strategy\nto Reduce Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, Supply Nutrients, and Mitigate\nOcean Acidification","volume":"51","author":"Hartmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reviews of Geophysics"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026072802065270600_cit10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2319436121","article-title":"Enhanced Weathering in the US Corn Belt Delivers Carbon\nRemoval with Agronomic Benefits","volume":"121","author":"Beerling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl.\nAcad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026072802065270600_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-018-0108-y","article-title":"Farming with Crops\nand Rocks to Address Global Climate","volume":"4","author":"Beerling","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food and\nSoil Security. Nature Plants"},{"key":"2026072802065270600_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2018.05.007","article-title":"Effectiveness\nof Enhanced Mineral\nWeathering as a Carbon Sequestration Tool and Alternative to Agricultural\nLime: An Incubation Experiment","volume":"74","author":"Dietzen","year":"2018","journal-title":"International\nJournal of Greenhouse Gas Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072802065270600_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1139\/er-2021-0109","article-title":"Impact of Climate Change\non Catchment Nutrient Dynamics: Insights from around the World","volume":"31","author":"Costa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Rev."},{"key":"2026072802065270600_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2024.1345224","article-title":"A Review\nof Measurement\nfor Quantification of Carbon Dioxide Removal by Enhanced Weathering\nin Soil","volume":"6","author":"Clarkson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Clim."},{"key":"2026072802065270600_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2022.970429","article-title":"Methods for Determining\nthe CO2 Removal Capacity of Enhanced Weathering in Agronomic Settings","volume":"4","author":"Almaraz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Clim."},{"key":"2026072802065270600_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2024.1346117","article-title":"A Tool\nfor Assessing the Sensitivity of Soil-Based\nApproaches for Quantifying Enhanced Weathering: A US Case Study","volume":"6","author":"Suhrhoff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. 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Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2026072802065270600_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5935-1_15","article-title":"Silicate Weathering\nand Climate","volume-title":"Tectonic Uplift and Climate\nChange","author":"Berner","year":"1997"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026072802065270600_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2003.03.001","article-title":"The Effect of Time\non the Weathering of Silicate Minerals:\nWhy Do Weathering Rates Differ in the Laboratory and Field?","volume":"202","author":"White","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026072802065270600_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295031","article-title":"Initial Agronomic\nBenefits of Enhanced Weathering Using Basalt: A Study of Spring Oat\nin a Temperate Climate","volume":"19","author":"Skov","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026072802065270600_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2021.105023","article-title":"Effects of Mineralogy,\nChemistry and Physical Properties of Basalts on Carbon Capture Potential\nand Plant-Nutrient Element Release via Enhanced Weathering","volume":"132","author":"Lewis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"2026072802065270600_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2024.1524998","article-title":"Accounting for Retarded Weathering Products in Comparing\nMethods for Quantifying Carbon Dioxide Removal in a Short-Term Enhanced\nWeathering Study","volume":"6","author":"te Pas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Clim."},{"key":"2026072802065270600_cit41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2022.929268","article-title":"Enhanced Weathering\nPotentials\u2500the Role of in Situ CO2 and Grain Size Distribution","volume":"4","author":"Amann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. 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AGU","volume":"6","author":"Anthony","year":"2025","journal-title":"Advances"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026072802065270600_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s10533-024-01160-0","article-title":"Reduced Accrual of Mineral-Associated\nOrganic Matter after Two Years of Enhanced Rock Weathering in Cropland\nSoils, Though No Net Losses of Soil Organic Carbon","volume":"167","author":"Sokol","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biogeochemistry"}],"container-title":["Environmental Science &amp;\nTechnology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/acs.estlett.5c00441","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"unspecified"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/estlcu\/article-pdf\/12\/8\/970\/66303703\/acs.estlett.5c00441.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/estlcu\/article-pdf\/12\/8\/970\/66303703\/acs.estlett.5c00441.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T08:13:02Z","timestamp":1785226382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/estlcu\/article\/12\/8\/970\/3677425\/Direct-Measurement-of-Carbon-Dioxide-Removal-Due"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.estlett.5c00441","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.70212\/cdrxiv.2025352.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2328-8930"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2328-8930","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]}}}