{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T18:44:23Z","timestamp":1777574663483,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":288,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Chem. Rev."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,14]]},"DOI":"10.1021\/cr300399c","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,19]],"date-time":"2013-06-19T18:43:49Z","timestamp":1371667429000},"page":"6592-6620","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":589,"title":["The Sol\u2013Gel Route to Advanced Silica-Based Materials and Recent Applications"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Rosaria","family":"Ciriminna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, CNR, via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Fidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica-F\u00edsica Molecular and IN-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Complexo I, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Valerica","family":"Pandarus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SiliCycle Inc., 2500, Parc-Technologique Boulevard, Quebec City, Quebec G1P\u20094S6, Canada"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"B\u00e9land","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SiliCycle Inc., 2500, Parc-Technologique Boulevard, Quebec City, Quebec G1P\u20094S6, Canada"}]},{"given":"Laura M.","family":"Ilharco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Qu\u00edmica-F\u00edsica Molecular and IN-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Complexo I, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Pagliaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, CNR, via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1\/cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1039\/9781847557162","volume-title":"Silica-Based Materials for Advanced Chemical Applications","author":"Pagliaro M.","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref2\/cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1021\/ar600025j","volume":"40","author":"P\u00e9nard A.-L.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref3\/cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1039\/JS8641700318","volume":"17","author":"Graham T.","year":"1864","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref4\/cit4a","first-page":"10","volume-title":"Opusucula Medica Inaudita","author":"van Helmont J. B.","year":"1648"},{"key":"ref4\/cit4b","unstructured":"Newman, W. R.; Principe, L. M.InWrong for the Right Reasons;Buchwald, J. Z.; Franklin, A., Eds.Springer:Dordrecht, 2005; p78."},{"key":"ref5\/cit5a","first-page":"3","volume":"7","author":"Ebelmen J. J.","year":"1845","journal-title":"Ann. des Mines"},{"key":"ref5\/cit5b","first-page":"129","volume":"16","author":"Ebelmen J. J.","year":"1846","journal-title":"Ann. Chim. Phys."},{"key":"ref6\/cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527617043","volume-title":"Explosives","author":"Meyer R.","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref7\/cit7a","unstructured":"For example:Kistler, S. S.Method of producing aerogels. Patent US2093454 (Sept. 21, 1937) ."},{"key":"ref7\/cit7b","unstructured":"Inorgranic aerogel compositions as catalysts. Patent US2188007 (Jan. 23, 1940) ."},{"key":"ref7\/cit7c","unstructured":"Aerogels. Patent US2249767 (July 22, 1941) ."},{"key":"ref7\/cit7d","unstructured":"Dentifrice comprising an aerogel and dicalcium phosphate. Patent US2222969 (November 26, 1941) ."},{"key":"ref7\/cit7e","unstructured":"Water repellent aerogels. Patent US2589705 (March 18, 1952) ."},{"key":"ref8\/cit8","unstructured":"Patrick, W. A.Silica gel and process of making same. Patent US1297724 (March 18, 1919) ."},{"key":"ref9\/cit9","unstructured":"Patrick, W. A.1888\u20131969. Papers 1901\u20131968. The Milton S. Eisenhower Library, The Johns Hopkins University. See at the URL:http:\/\/ead.library.jhu.edu\/ms113.xml(last time accessed, April 2, 2013) ."},{"key":"ref10\/cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1038\/127741a0","volume":"127","author":"Kistler S. S.","year":"1931","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref11\/cit11","volume-title":"The Chemistry of Silica","author":"Iler R. K.","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref12\/cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.35.5.227","volume":"35","author":"Dickey F. H.","year":"1949","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"ref13\/cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5956","DOI":"10.1021\/j150668a042","volume":"55","author":"Avnir D.","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref14\/cit14","unstructured":"Avnir, D.; Ottolenghi, M.; Braun, S.; Zusman, R.Doped sol-gel glasses for obtaining chemical interactions. Patent US5292801 (August 31, 1992) ."},{"key":"ref15\/cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3093(86)90117-1","volume":"82","author":"Kaufman V. R.","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref16\/cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-577X(90)90002-4","volume":"10","author":"Braun S.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref17\/cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1039\/B512706H","volume":"16","author":"Avnir D.","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref18\/cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5540","DOI":"10.1039\/C1EE02391H","volume":"5","author":"Yang X.-Y.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref19\/cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-577X(86)90063-7","volume":"4","author":"Roy R.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref20\/cit20","unstructured":"Ozin, G.Pores for Thought, RSC 2011, Barrer Award Lecture."},{"key":"ref21\/cit21","unstructured":"Barb\u00e9, C. J.Who is doing Sol-Gel? A Snapshot;https:\/\/www.isgs.org\/index.php\/papers-and-articles\/48-who-is-doing-solgel(last time accessed, April 2, 2013) . A manuscript with the same title, but considerably larger, was kindly provided by Dr. C. J. Barb\u00e9 to M.P. in mid 2012. Figures and graphs are taken from the latter manuscript."},{"key":"ref22\/cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1021\/cr00099a003","volume":"90","author":"Hench L. L.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref23\/cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1021\/ar00056a002","volume":"28","author":"Avnir D.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref24\/cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anchem-060908-155139","volume":"2","author":"Walcarius A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref25\/cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cs00106f","volume":"40","author":"Lebeau B.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref26\/cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.1039\/b504839g","volume":"15","author":"Walcarius A.","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref27\/cit27a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1021\/ar700178b","volume":"40","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref27\/cit27b","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1039\/c1cs90002a","volume":"40","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref28\/cit28","unstructured":"Geffcken, W.; Berger, E.Verfahren zur Anderung des Reflexionsvermogens optischer Glaser. Patent DE736411 (C) (May 28, 1939) ."},{"key":"ref29\/cit29a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.197103631","volume":"10","author":"Dislich H.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref29\/cit29b","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3093(82)90242-3","volume":"48","author":"Dislich H.","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref30\/cit30","first-page":"1","volume":"180","year":"1959","journal-title":"Monsanto Tech. Bull."},{"key":"ref31\/cit31","first-page":"1906","volume":"5","author":"Nicolaon G. A.","year":"1968","journal-title":"Br. Soc. Chim. Fr."},{"key":"ref32\/cit32","first-page":"6","author":"Livage J.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Revue VERRE"},{"key":"ref33\/cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(20010315)54:4<608::AID-JBM180>3.0.CO;2-U","volume":"54","author":"Saravanapavan P.","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref34\/cit34","first-page":"967","volume":"17","author":"Hench L. L.","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref35\/cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3093(85)90388-6","volume":"73","author":"Schmidt H.","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref36\/cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1021\/jp055697v","volume":"110","author":"Pagliaro M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref37\/cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.199503011","volume":"34","author":"Reetz M. T.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref38\/cit38a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L13","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-5102(89)80121-X","volume":"57","author":"Carturan G.","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Mol. Catal."},{"key":"ref38\/cit38b","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00401888","volume":"7","author":"Campostrini R.","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Sol.-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref39\/cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1039\/B401450B","volume":"14","author":"Carturan G.","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref40\/cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017343925162","volume":"18","author":"Ito T.","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Sol.-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref41\/cit41a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1039\/a908252b","author":"Yoshina-Ishii C.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref41\/cit41b","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1038\/47229","volume":"402","author":"Asefa T.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref42\/cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201000617","volume":"6","author":"Wang W.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref43\/cit43","unstructured":"Eusolex UV-Pearls: Simplifying suncare.http:\/\/www.merck-performance-materials.com\/en\/cosmetics\/eusolex\/eusolex_uv_pearls_simplifying_suncare\/eusolex_uv_pearls_simplifying_suncare.html(last time accessed, April 2, 2013) ."},{"key":"ref44\/cit44","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.cabot-corp.com\/Aerogel(last time accessed, April 2, 2013) ."},{"key":"ref45\/cit45a","unstructured":"aDeshpande, R.; Smith, D. M.; Brinker, C. J.Preparation of high porosity xerogels by chemical surface modification. Patent US5565142 (October 15, 1996) ."},{"key":"ref45\/cit45b","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/374439a0","volume":"374","author":"Prakash S. S.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref46\/cit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1351\/pac200779101801","volume":"79","author":"Alem\u00e1n J.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref47\/cit47","unstructured":"Pierre, A. C.; Rigacci, A.InAerogels Handbook, Advances in Sol-Gel Derived Materials and Technologies;Aegerter, M. A.; Leventis, N.; Koebel, M. M., Eds.Springer Science:New York, 2011; p21."},{"key":"ref48\/cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1021\/op700050j","volume":"11","author":"Michaud A.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Org. Process Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref49\/cit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3274","volume":"11","author":"Warren S. C.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref50\/cit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201002361","volume":"21","author":"Castricum H. L.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref51\/cit51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(68)90272-5","volume":"26","author":"St\u00f6ber W.","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref52\/cit52","unstructured":"Cook, L. M.; Mader, K.H.; Schnabel, R.Integral anti-reflective surfaces of silicate glasses. Patent US4434191 (February 28, 1984) ."},{"key":"ref53\/cit53","unstructured":"BAC5884 Class 1C, The Boeing Co., Seattle, WA.Spadafora, S. J.; Pepe, F. R.A comparison of sulfuric acid\/boric acid anodize and chromic acid anodize processes, Report No. NADC- 93042-60, Naval Air Warfare Center, Aircraft Division Warminster, Warminster, PA, 1993."},{"key":"ref54\/cit54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1366\/0003702981944175","volume":"52","author":"Watkins A. N.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref55\/cit55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4095(199902)11:2<138::AID-ADMA138>3.0.CO;2-3","volume":"11","author":"B\u00f6ttcher H.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref56\/cit56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(99)00035-6","volume":"158","author":"de Vos R. M.","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref57\/cit57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.1039\/b802705f","volume":"18","author":"Rooke J. C.","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref58\/cit58","volume-title":"Sol-Gel Science: The Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel Processing","author":"Brinker C. J.","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref59\/cit59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3841","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01349a006","volume":"54","author":"Zachariasen W. H.","year":"1932","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref60\/cit60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3093(90)90103-S","volume":"121","author":"West J. K.","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref61\/cit61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6686","DOI":"10.1021\/cm051954x","volume":"17","author":"Fidalgo A.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref62\/cit62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1021\/cm031013p","volume":"15","author":"Fidalgo A.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref63\/cit63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3392","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-3773(20001002)39:19<3392::AID-ANIE3392>3.0.CO;2-M","volume":"39","author":"Mann S.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref64\/cit64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00785","volume":"417","author":"Davis M. E.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref65\/cit65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1082332","volume":"299","author":"Rolison D. R.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref66\/cit66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1021\/ac030087h","volume":"75","author":"Tang Y.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref67\/cit67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008665010016","volume":"13","author":"Eo Y.-J.","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Sol.-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref68\/cit68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5505","DOI":"10.1021\/la960517h","volume":"12","author":"Rottman C.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref69\/cit69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1063\/1.460006","volume":"94","author":"Schmidt P. W.","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref70\/cit70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5347.39","volume":"279","author":"Avnir D.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref71\/cit71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3093(88)90309-2","volume":"105","author":"Boonstra A. H.","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref72\/cit72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1021\/cm062962w","volume":"19","author":"Fidalgo A.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref73\/cit73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5772\/604","volume-title":"Advances in Nanocomposites - Synthesis, Characterization and Industrial Application","author":"Reddy B.","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref74\/cit74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/359710a0","volume":"359","author":"Kresge C. T.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref75\/cit75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4095(199905)11:7<579::AID-ADMA579>3.0.CO;2-R","volume":"11","author":"Brinker C. J.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref76\/cit76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1021\/ja003843z","volume":"123","author":"Moreau J. J. E.","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref77\/cit77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1039\/b602579j","volume":"2","author":"Backov R.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref78\/cit78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9501","DOI":"10.1039\/c2sm25889g","volume":"8","author":"Wang X.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref79\/cit79a","unstructured":"aAvnir, D.; Magdassi, S.; Seri-Levy, A.; Lapidot, N.; Rottman, C.; Sorek, Y.; Gans, O.Method for the preparation of oxide microcapsules. Patent US6303149 (October 16, 2001) ."},{"key":"ref79\/cit79b","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020785217895","volume":"26","author":"Lapidot N.","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Sol.-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref80\/cit80a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200400771","volume":"16","author":"Barb\u00e9 C.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref80\/cit80b","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-008-1721-4","volume":"46","author":"Barb\u00e9 C. J.","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sol.-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref81\/cit81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3109\/03639048309048546","volume":"9","author":"Unger K.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref82\/cit82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008603622543","volume":"13","author":"B\u00f6ttcher H.","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Sol.-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref83\/cit83a","unstructured":"For API\u2019s:Heinz, K. K.Modified metal oxide layers as supports for active compounds and reagents. Patent DE4308146 (September 22, 1994) ."},{"key":"ref83\/cit83b","unstructured":"B\u00f6ttcher, H.; Kallies, K.H.Composite of homogeneous mol. dispersion of cpd. metal oxide matrix. Patent DE4416001 (November 30, 1995) .B\u00f6ttcher, H.; Kallies, K.H.; J\u00f6rg, M.Metal oxide composite with controllable release. Patent EP0680753 (November 8, 1995) .For oils:"},{"key":"ref83\/cit83d","unstructured":"B\u00f6ttcher, H.; Kallies, K.H.; J\u00f6rg, M.Composite of homogeneous mol. dispersion of cpd. metal oxide matrix. Patent DE4416003 (November 9, 1995) .For biocides:"},{"key":"ref83\/cit83e","unstructured":"B\u00f6ttcher, H.; Kallies, K.H.; Roth, C.Antimicrobial material. Patent DE4329279 (March 2, 1993) ."},{"key":"ref84\/cit84","unstructured":"See, for example, Patent US5958115 and the URL:http:\/\/www.excor.de\/fileadmin\/excor\/pdf\/datenblaetter_en\/EXCOR_ABRIGO_paper_GB.pdf."},{"key":"ref85\/cit85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(99)00148-9","volume":"21","author":"Kortesuo P.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref86\/cit86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1021\/cr100161x","volume":"111","author":"Ciriminna R.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref87\/cit87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.09.066","volume":"30","author":"Radin S.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref88\/cit88","volume-title":"2005\u20132009 Flavor & Fragrance Industry Leaders","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref89\/cit89","unstructured":"van Soest, J. J. G.InFlavours and Fragrances: Chemistry, Bioprocessing and Sustainability;Berger, R. G., Ed.Springer:New York, 2007; p439."},{"key":"ref90\/cit90","volume-title":"The World Market for Cosmetics and Toiletries","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref91\/cit91","first-page":"2","volume":"17","author":"Bolton T. A.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Perfum. Flavor."},{"key":"ref92\/cit92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5629","DOI":"10.1021\/es060134y","volume":"40","author":"Peck A. M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref93\/cit93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3815","DOI":"10.1021\/es063088a","volume":"41","author":"Reiner J. L.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref94\/cit94","unstructured":"Perrier, E.Bioencapsulation Innovation; March 2012. Newsletter of the Bioencapsulation Research Group. Available at the URL:http:\/\/bioencapsulation.net."},{"key":"ref95\/cit95","unstructured":"See the web page \u201cCool Pearls Anti Acne Kits\u201d at the URL:http:\/\/www.sol-gel.com\/MainPage.aspx?id=133(last time accessed, April 2, 2013) ."},{"key":"ref96\/cit96a","unstructured":"Yamamoto, T.Perfume compositions produced by sol-gel methods. Patent US5387622 (February 7, 1995) ."},{"key":"ref96\/cit96b","unstructured":"JP62-043718 (February 27, 1987) ."},{"key":"ref97\/cit97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4385","DOI":"10.1039\/b505177k","volume":"15","author":"Mahltig B.","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref98\/cit98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-007-1636-5","volume":"45","author":"Haufe H.","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sol.-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref99\/cit99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5964","DOI":"10.1021\/jf049356a","volume":"52","author":"Veith S. R.","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref100\/cit100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2004.09.033","volume":"283","author":"Veith S. R.","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref101\/cit101","unstructured":"Popplewell, L. M.; Lei, Y.; Guerry, R. L.; Huang, X.; Kroenig, A. N.; Mcelwee, J. J.Microcapsules Containing Active Ingredients. Patent US20100143422 (June 10, 2010) ."},{"key":"ref102\/cit102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29424","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029424","volume":"7","author":"Barandeh F.","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref103\/cit103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.377.195","volume":"377","author":"Jokinen M.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref104\/cit104","unstructured":"Ahola, M.; S\u00e4ilynoja, E.; Salonen, J.; Penttinen, R.; Yli-Urpo, A.Compositions for controlled release of a biologically active agent and the preparation thereof. Patent US7112339 (September 26, 2006) ."},{"key":"ref105\/cit105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2006.12.008","volume":"336","author":"Viitala R.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref106\/cit106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-008-1880-3","volume":"49","author":"Fidalgo A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sol.-Gel Sci. Techol."},{"key":"ref107\/cit107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.10.142","volume":"6","author":"L\u00f3pez T.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref108\/cit108","unstructured":"See at the URL:www.delsitech.com(last time accessed, April 2, 2013) ."},{"key":"ref109\/cit109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3093(02)01060-8","volume":"306","author":"Czuryszkiewicz T.","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref110\/cit110","unstructured":"Baecker, I.; Egger, H.; Rothenburger-Glaubitt, M.; Probst, J.Kieselsol-Material mit mindestens einem therapeutisch aktiven Wirkstoff zur Herstellung von biologisch degradierbaren und\/oder resorbierbaren Kieselgel-Materialien f\u00fcr die Humanmedizin und\/oder Medizintechnik. Patent DE1020080333271 (or US2011\/0123596)."},{"key":"ref111\/cit111","unstructured":"Bayer Innovation, \u201cBiodegradable silica gel fiber technology for wound care, hard and soft tissue regeneration, and drug delivery\u201d, 26 February 2012; http:\/\/marketplace.yet2.com\/app\/insight\/techofweek\/66282?sid=200(last time accessed, January 26, 2013)."},{"key":"ref112\/cit112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00833-8","volume":"3","author":"Russell A. D.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref113\/cit113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3116","DOI":"10.1039\/b819615j","volume":"19","author":"Pagliaro M.","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref114\/cit114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-010-2245-2","volume":"55","author":"Mahltig B.","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sol.-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref115\/cit115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-004-5791-7","volume":"32","author":"Mahltig B.","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Sol.-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref116\/cit116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4921","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00415-0","volume":"24","author":"Jeon H.-J.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref117\/cit117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-6-305","volume":"6","author":"Rivero P. J.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref118\/cit118","first-page":"295","volume":"3","author":"Joshi M.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Fibre Text."},{"key":"ref119\/cit119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/08927010500070935","volume":"21","author":"Tang Y.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref120\/cit120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2012.690197","volume":"28","author":"Sokolova A.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref121\/cit121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2011.03.001","volume":"72","author":"Wallstr\u00f6m E.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref122\/cit122","first-page":"1115","volume":"8","author":"Carturan G.","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Sol.-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref123\/cit123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4591","DOI":"10.1021\/jp952759g","volume":"100","author":"Sieminska L.","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref124\/cit124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(97)00008-2","volume":"18","author":"Nicoll S. B.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref125\/cit125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(01)00428-X","volume":"76","author":"Kortesuo P.","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Controlled Release"},{"key":"ref126\/cit126a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(200111)57:2<313::AID-JBM1173>3.0.CO;2-E","volume":"57","author":"Radin S.","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref126\/cit126b","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(20011205)57:3<321::AID-JBM1174>3.0.CO;2-S","volume":"57","author":"Aughenbaugh W.","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref127\/cit127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2004.11.029","volume":"254","author":"Czuryszkiewicz T.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., A"},{"key":"ref128\/cit128","unstructured":"Toledano, O.; Bar-Simantov, H.; Bilman, N.; Shapiro, L.; Abu-Reziq, R.; Sriadibhatla, S.; Sommer, W. T.Method for preparing particles comprising metal oxide coating and particles with metal oxide coating. Patent WO2008\/093347."},{"key":"ref129\/cit129","first-page":"651","volume":"8","author":"B\u00f6ttcher H.","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Sol.-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref130\/cit130","volume-title":"Commercial Applications for Nanoscale Sol-Gel Coatings","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref131\/cit131","first-page":"95","volume":"23","author":"Laxman R.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Semicond. Int."},{"key":"ref132\/cit132","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.durst.fr\/fileadmin\/templates\/images\/brochures\/GlassDecoration-IX20505-E.pdf(last time accessed, April 2, 2013) ."},{"key":"ref133\/cit133","first-page":"160","volume":"15","author":"Koch M.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Melliand Int."},{"key":"ref134\/cit134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1142\/6961","volume-title":"Nanosols and Textiles","author":"Mahltig B.","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref135\/cit135","unstructured":"Hager, H. E.; Johnson, C. J.; Blohowiak, K. Y.; Wong, C. M.; Jones, J. H.; Cook, R. L., Jr.; Taylor, S. R.Chromate-free protective coatings. Patent US6077885 (June 20, 2000) ."},{"key":"ref136\/cit136","volume-title":"Nonchromate Conversion Coatings in use at Boeing","author":"Osborne J. H.","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref137\/cit137","unstructured":"\u201cSocomore\u2019s sol-gel products approved by Airbus and Boeing\u201d, 29 May 2012. See at the URL:www.socomore.com\/socomore-s-sol-gel-products-approved-by-airbus-and-boeing\/a38.html?p=1(last time accessed, April 2, 2013) ."},{"key":"ref138\/cit138","unstructured":"Barb\u00e9, C.; Caldeira, N. M.; Campazzi, E.; Kong, L.; Finnie, K. S.; Villatte, M.Ceramic particles and coating compositions including said particles. Patent US20120085261 (April 12, 2012) ."},{"key":"ref139\/cit139","unstructured":"Campazzi, E.; Druez, C.; de Monredon-Senani, S.; Villatte, M.Sol-gel coatings as protection for light aeronautical alloys, Materials for aerospace applications.22nd 3AF colloquium; Paris, November 27\u201328, 2007."},{"key":"ref140\/cit140a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2007.11.019","volume":"50","author":"Wang H.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref140\/cit140b","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2007.04.015","volume":"49","author":"Wang H.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref141\/cit141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1002\/adsc.201000731","volume":"353","author":"Ciriminna R.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Synth. Catal."},{"key":"ref142\/cit142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3624","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cs15330k","volume":"41","author":"Debecker D. P.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref143\/cit143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1021\/op300115r","volume":"16","author":"Pandarus V.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Org. Process Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref144\/cit144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02546066","volume":"66","author":"Hsu N.","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref145\/cit145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra054035","volume":"354","author":"Mozaffarian D.","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref146\/cit146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5982","DOI":"10.1021\/jf047849+","volume":"53","author":"Eller F. J.","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref147\/cit147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcata.2004.11.017","volume":"229","author":"Nohair B.","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem."},{"key":"ref148\/cit148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02638123","volume":"39","author":"Zajcew M.","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref149\/cit149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1002\/ejoc.200800028","volume":"14","author":"Tsvelikhovsky D.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref150\/cit150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4132","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-3773(20021104)41:21<4132::AID-ANIE4132>3.0.CO;2-U","volume":"41","author":"Abu-Reziq R.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref151\/cit151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/ejoc.200800852","volume":"2009","author":"Tsvelikhovsky D.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref152\/cit152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetlet.2012.12.058","volume":"54","author":"Pandarus V.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref153\/cit153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"No. 17","DOI":"10.3762\/bjoc.5.17","volume":"5","author":"Bogdan A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref154\/cit154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9517(92)90198-Q","volume":"133","author":"Zou W.","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"ref155\/cit155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1039\/C39930000583","author":"Rosenfeld A.","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref156\/cit156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S1381-1169(99)00103-X","volume":"146","author":"Gelman F.","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem."},{"key":"ref157\/cit157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1038\/35002032","volume":"403","author":"Katz A.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref158\/cit158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-636X(2000)12:5\/6<411::AID-CHIR21>3.0.CO;2-X","volume":"12","author":"Adima A.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chirality"},{"key":"ref159\/cit159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8145","DOI":"10.1021\/jo010329i","volume":"66","author":"Zhang R.","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref160\/cit160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5067","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200305146","volume":"9","author":"Ciriminna R.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem.-Eur. J."},{"key":"ref161\/cit161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcata.2007.04.012","volume":"273","author":"Al-Hashimi M.","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem."},{"key":"ref162\/cit162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1007\/s11244-010-9532-6","volume":"53","author":"Lemay M.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Top. Catal."},{"key":"ref163\/cit163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1039\/c1cy00119a","volume":"1","author":"Pagliaro M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Catal. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref164\/cit164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-23814-X","volume-title":"Handbook of Nanophase and Nanostructured Materials: Materials, Systems and Applications (II)","author":"Wang Z. L.","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref165\/cit165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.matsci.28.1.271","volume":"28","author":"Weiner S.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref166\/cit166","volume-title":"Biosensor Nanomaterials","author":"Mishra A. K.","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref167\/cit167","volume-title":"Formation and Properties of Clay Polymer Complexes","author":"Theng B. K. G.","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref168\/cit168","volume-title":"Polymer Nanocomposites: Processing, Characterization, and Applications","author":"Koo J. H.","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref169\/cit169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3893","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068035q","volume":"108","author":"Zou H.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref170\/cit170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4003503","volume":"63","author":"Wernik J. M.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Rev."},{"key":"ref171\/cit171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1179\/095066009X12572530170543","volume":"55","author":"Bakshi S. R.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Mater. Rev."},{"key":"ref172\/cit172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2010.12.009","volume":"211","author":"Verezub O.","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref173\/cit173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1021\/ar040062k","volume":"39","author":"Mark J. E.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref174\/cit174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8631","DOI":"10.1021\/la060869g","volume":"22","author":"Kumar A.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref175\/cit175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/23\/8\/016","volume":"23","author":"Chatterjee A.","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref176\/cit176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3722","DOI":"10.1021\/cm0203767","volume":"14","author":"Leite E. R.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref177\/cit177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2011.04.002","volume":"359","author":"Gu G.","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref178\/cit178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1002\/cctc.201000410","volume":"3","author":"Meunier C. F.","year":"2011","journal-title":"ChemCatChem"},{"key":"ref179\/cit179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/prep.200400037","volume":"29","author":"Perry W. L.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Propellants, Explos., Pyrotech."},{"key":"ref180\/cit180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-2738(02)00713-0","volume":"151","author":"Savii C.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Solid State Ionics"},{"key":"ref181\/cit181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2008.01.013","volume":"468","author":"Xua X.","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref182\/cit182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1557\/JMR.2002.0083","volume":"17","author":"Ennas G.","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref183\/cit183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.97-101.2140","volume":"97","author":"Ang B. C.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref184\/cit184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201001402","volume":"7","author":"Liu J.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref185\/cit185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.200800019","volume":"1","author":"Fischer A.","year":"2008","journal-title":"ChemSusChem"},{"key":"ref186\/cit186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18534","DOI":"10.1039\/c1jm13564c","volume":"21","author":"Deshmukh R.","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref187\/cit187","volume-title":"Ceramic-Matrix Composites: Microstructure, Properties and Applications","author":"Low I. M.","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref188\/cit188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4650","DOI":"10.1039\/c0jm03031g","volume":"21","author":"Zhang L.-M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref189\/cit189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-14392009000100002","volume":"12","author":"Camargo P. H. C.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref190\/cit190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1039\/B402037E","author":"Kang Y.-S.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref191\/cit191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1039\/b004842i","author":"Fujiwara M.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref192\/cit192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcata.2006.09.016","volume":"264","author":"Fujiwara M.","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem."},{"key":"ref193\/cit193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8264","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201104006","volume":"18","author":"El Kadib A.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemistry"},{"key":"ref194\/cit194","unstructured":"By Aspen Aerogels in the U.S. and Cabot Corp. in Europe."},{"key":"ref195\/cit195","unstructured":"Aerogel-Based Composite\/Hybrid Nanomaterials for Cost-Effective Building Super-Insulation Systems, AEROCOINs,http:\/\/aerocoins.eu(last time accessed, April 2, 2013) ."},{"key":"ref196\/cit196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1039\/b703631k","volume":"17","author":"Ilharco L. M.","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref197\/cit197a","unstructured":"Martinho, J. M. G.; Ilharco, L. M.; Farinha, J. P. S.; Fidalgo, A. M. A.; Martinho, P. O., Process for the preparation, under subcritical conditions, of monolithic xerogels and aerogels of silica\/latex hybrids, modified with alkoxysilane groups. Patent US7737189 B2 (June 15, 2010) ."},{"key":"ref197\/cit197b","unstructured":"Portuguese Patent PT103257 (May 4, 2005) ."},{"key":"ref198\/cit198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1039\/b800602d","volume":"18","author":"Meador M. A. B.","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref199\/cit199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201105730","volume":"51","author":"Cai J.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref200\/cit200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998306067321","volume":"40","author":"Hussain F.","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref201\/cit201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3654","DOI":"10.3390\/ma3063654","volume":"3","author":"Jeon I.-Y.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref202\/cit202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4066","DOI":"10.3390\/ma3074066","volume":"3","author":"Wei L.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref203\/cit203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.11053","volume":"42","author":"Wei L. M.","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref204\/cit204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2003.08.002","volume":"28","author":"Ray S. S.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref205\/cit205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132424","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/132424","author":"Rahman I. A.","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref206\/cit206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1021\/ma052737k","volume":"39","author":"Monteil V.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref207\/cit207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1557\/PROC-171-45","volume":"171","author":"Okada A.","year":"1989","journal-title":"MRS Proc."},{"key":"ref208\/cit208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2005.12.009","volume":"54","author":"Zhang H.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref209\/cit209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(00)00392-X","volume":"42","author":"Kang S.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref210\/cit210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2006.03.026","volume":"54","author":"Kwon S. C.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref211\/cit211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.1002\/app.21854","volume":"97","author":"Bondioli F.","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref212\/cit212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(03)00519-6","volume":"44","author":"Liu Y.-L.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref213\/cit213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2007.03.005","volume":"12","author":"Yao X. F.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aerosp. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref214\/cit214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2005.08.028","volume":"46","author":"Ragosta G.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref215\/cit215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1648(02)00252-1","volume":"253","author":"Zhang M. Q.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref216\/cit216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4369","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6454(02)00275-6","volume":"50","author":"Wang H.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref217\/cit217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.3144\/expresspolymlett.2011.85","volume":"5","author":"Zhang G.","year":"2011","journal-title":"eXPRESS Polym. Lett."},{"key":"ref218\/cit218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1179\/026708304225022278","volume":"20","author":"Avella M.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref219\/cit219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2004.06.074","volume":"279","author":"Chen Y.","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref220\/cit220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2010.12.138","volume":"257","author":"Gao X.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref221\/cit221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-006-7805-x","volume":"87","author":"Rodriguez J. G.-I.","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref222\/cit222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2005.06.004","volume":"26","author":"Vega-Baudrit J.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref223\/cit223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.910","volume":"18","author":"Liu W.-D.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref224\/cit224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2010.03.034","volume":"361","author":"Naka Y.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., A"},{"key":"ref225\/cit225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2011.01.002","volume":"71","author":"Palza H.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref226\/cit226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194543","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/194543","author":"Zapata P.","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref227\/cit227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-0584(03)00259-1","volume":"82","author":"Yu Y.-Y.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref228\/cit228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3656","DOI":"10.1021\/cm0300866","volume":"15","author":"Ji X.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref229\/cit229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3128","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.24094","volume":"48","author":"Zhang J.","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref230\/cit230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2004.02.001","volume":"84","author":"Hu Y.-H.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref231\/cit231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(00)81285-5","volume":"22","author":"Kaiser A.","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref232\/cit232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00487728","volume":"5","author":"Okui T.","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Sol.-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref233\/cit233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-7388(96)00042-7","volume":"116","author":"Sma\u00efhi M.","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref234\/cit234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008743328953","volume":"19","author":"Zhang G.","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Sol.-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref235\/cit235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1039\/b401496k","author":"Campaniello J.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref236\/cit236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3989","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200701193","volume":"19","author":"Dubois G.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref237\/cit237a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1039\/b718082a","author":"Castricum H. L.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref237\/cit237b","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2008.07.014","volume":"324","author":"Castricum H. L.","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref238\/cit238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3093(88)90005-1","volume":"100","author":"Brinker C. J.","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref239\/cit239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1021\/cm802511w","volume":"21","author":"Boffa V.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref240\/cit240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01457179","volume":"79","author":"Hausdorff F.","year":"1919","journal-title":"Math. Ann."},{"key":"ref241\/cit241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.1996.0152","volume":"178","author":"Nair B. N.","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref242\/cit242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1119\/1.13295","volume-title":"The Fractal Geometry of Nature","author":"Mandelbrot B. B.","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref243\/cit243","unstructured":"Kreiter, R.Hydrothermal stability of silica-based membranes. International Sol-Gel Conference, Porto de Galinhas, Brasil, 22\u201327 August 2009; http:\/\/www.ecn.nl\/docs\/library\/report\/2009\/m09130.pdf(last time accessed, April 2, 2013) ."},{"key":"ref244\/cit244a","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.hybsi.com(last time accessed, April 2, 2013) ."},{"key":"ref244\/cit244b","unstructured":"Sah, A.; Castricum, H. L.; Vente, J. F.; Blank, D. H. A.; ten Elshof, J. E.Microporous molecular separation membrane with high hydrothermal stability. Patent US2009246114 (October 1, 2012) ."},{"key":"ref245\/cit245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2009.04.040","volume":"193","author":"Kim H.","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref246\/cit246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2009.10.071","volume":"195","author":"Kim H.","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref248\/cit248","unstructured":"BCC Research.Sol-Gel Processing of Ceramics and Glass, Boston (MA), May 2012."},{"key":"ref249\/cit249","unstructured":"Schott AMIRAN.http:\/\/www.schott.com\/architecture\/english\/products\/anti-reflective-glass\/amiran.html(last time accessed, April 2, 2013) ."},{"key":"ref250\/cit250","unstructured":"\u201cSol-Gel Signs $27 M Deal for Dermatology Drug Deliver\u201d, February 12, 2012;http:\/\/www.sol-gel.com\/MainPage.aspx?id=153(last time accessed, April 2, 2013) ."},{"key":"ref251\/cit251","unstructured":"Gelest Inc.: Morrisville, PA."},{"key":"ref252\/cit252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1021\/op1001676","volume":"14","author":"Laird T.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Org. Process Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref253\/cit253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1021\/op300038x","volume":"16","author":"Laird T.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Org. Process Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref254\/cit254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1021\/op900059x","volume":"14","author":"Ciriminna R.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Org. Process Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref255\/cit255","first-page":"29","volume":"2","author":"Mulabagal V.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref256\/cit256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020704118146","volume":"26","author":"Pressi G.","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Sol.-Gel Sci. Technol."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref257\/cit257.1","unstructured":"Istituto Sperimentale per l'Assestamento Forestale e per l'Alpicoltura. Agronomical trials onEchinacea angustifolia,E. pallida, andE. purpurea, ISAFA 2002\/1"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref257\/cit257.2","unstructured":"Nebbia, G. The cost in water of goods and services, University of Rome, 18-19 January 2004, International Water Culture Center. See also at the URL:www.irbtech.com."},{"key":"ref258\/cit258a","first-page":"22","volume":"30","author":"Grayson I.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Today"},{"key":"ref258\/cit258b","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470946404","volume-title":"Fine Chemicals: The Industry and the Business","author":"Pollak P.","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref259\/cit259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200900113","volume":"5","author":"Ozin G. A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref260\/cit260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8537","DOI":"10.1039\/b911123a","volume":"19","author":"Baccile N.","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref261\/cit261","unstructured":"See at the URL:http:\/\/www.lookchem.com\/cas-681\/681-84-5.html."},{"key":"ref262\/cit262","unstructured":"For a non-exhaustive list of companies see, for example:http:\/\/www.solgel.com\/biz\/com.htm."},{"key":"ref263\/cit263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4131","DOI":"10.1039\/b821769f","volume":"19","author":"Meunier C. F.","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref264\/cit264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2011.01.020","volume":"356","author":"Rooke J. C.","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref265\/cit265","unstructured":"Researchers are currently pursuing industrial application of the technology in the context of the applied research project \u201cFOTOBIOMAT\u201d:http:\/\/www.prame.be\/en\/fotobiomat(last time accessed, April 2, 2013) ."}],"container-title":["Chemical Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/cr300399c","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T12:21:06Z","timestamp":1746015666000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/cr300399c"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,19]]},"references-count":288,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1021\/cr300399c"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/cr300399c","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-2665","1520-6890"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-2665","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6890","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,19]]}}}