{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T17:44:10Z","timestamp":1772387050212,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Chem. Educ."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,12]]},"DOI":"10.1021\/ed800053u","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,12]],"date-time":"2010-01-12T05:12:41Z","timestamp":1263273161000},"page":"162-167","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Batteries, from Cradle to Grave"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Fiona M.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, Scotland"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1\/cit1","volume-title":"Tuning Educational Structures in Europe","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref2\/cit2","volume-title":"Modern Batteries: An Introduction to Electrochemical Power Sources","author":"Vincent C. A.","year":"1997","edition":"2"},{"key":"ref3\/cit3","volume-title":"Battery Reference Book","author":"Crompton T. R.","year":"2000","edition":"3"},{"key":"ref4\/cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1039\/9781847552228","volume-title":"Understanding Batteries","author":"Dell R. M.","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref5\/cit5","volume-title":"Handbook of Batteries","author":"Linden D.","year":"2002","edition":"3"},{"key":"ref6\/cit6","volume-title":"Batteries for Portable Devices","author":"Pistoia G.","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref7\/cit7","volume-title":"Primary Batteries","volume":"1","author":"Heise G. W.","year":"1960"},{"key":"ref8\/cit8","volume-title":"The Sigma Aldrich Library of Safety Data","author":"Lange R.","year":"1988","edition":"2"},{"key":"ref9\/cit9","volume-title":"An Investigation of Alternatives to Miniature Batteries Containing Mercury","author":"Galligan C.","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref10\/cit10","volume-title":"Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Batteries and Accumulators and spent Batteries and Accumulators","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref11\/cit11","volume-title":"Industrial Applications of Batteries: From Cars to Aerospace and Energy Storage","author":"Broussely M.","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref12\/cit12","unstructured":"Hurd, D. J., Muchnik, D. M., and Schedler, T. M.Recycling of Consumer Dry Cell Batteries: Pollution Technology Review, no. 213;Notes Data Corp.:Park Ridge, NJ, 1993; pp210\u2212243."},{"key":"ref13\/cit13","volume-title":"The McGraw-Hill Recycling Handbook","author":"Lund H. F.","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref14\/cit14","unstructured":"Pistoia, G., Wiaux, J.P., and Wolsky, S. P.Used Battery Collection and Recycling; Industrial Chemistry Library, Vol.10;Elsevier Science:New York, 2001; pp369\u2212372."},{"key":"ref15\/cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-2738(00)00723-2","volume":"134","author":"Vincent C. A.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Solid State Ionics"},{"key":"ref16\/cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7753(98)00209-2","volume":"81","author":"Tamura K.","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref17\/cit17","unstructured":"The Battery Directive, Accumulators and Waste Batteries Disposal, Official Journal of the European Union, 26.9.06, Directive 2006\/66\/EC, 2006,http:\/\/europa.eu\/legislation_summaries\/environment\/waste_management\/l21202_en.htm(accessed Nov 2009) ."},{"key":"ref18\/cit18","unstructured":"Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment, Official Journal of the European Union, 13.02.03, Council Directive WEEE 2002\/96\/EC, 2003,http:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri =CELEX:32002L0096:EN:HTML(accessed Nov 2009) ."},{"key":"ref19\/cit19","unstructured":"Environment Canada Homepage. Canadian Consumer Battery Baseline Study, Final Report, 2007.http:\/\/www.ec.gc.ca\/nopp\/docs\/rpt\/battery\/Battery_Study_eng.pdf(accessed Nov 2009) ."},{"key":"ref20\/cit20","unstructured":"Battery Association of Japan, http:\/\/www.baj.or.jp\/(accessed Nov 2009) ."},{"key":"ref21\/cit21","unstructured":"Environment Canada, Gatineau, Quebec, K1A 0H3, Canada,http:\/\/www.ec.gc.ca\/nopp\/docs\/rpt\/battery\/en\/toc.cfm(accessed Nov 2009) ."},{"key":"ref22\/cit22","unstructured":"EPA: Universal Waste Rule, Hazardous Waste Management System Modification of the Hazardous Waste Recycling Regulatory Program, Federal Register, 11 May 1995 and EPA530-F-95\u2212025, Feb1996.http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/EPA-WASTE\/1995\/May\/Day-11\/pr-223.html(accessed Nov 2009) ."},{"key":"ref23\/cit23","unstructured":"EPA: Implementation of the Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act, EPA530-K-97\u2212009, Nov 1997.http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/epawaste\/hazard\/recycling\/battery.pdf(accessed Nov 2009) ."},{"key":"ref24\/cit24","unstructured":"EPA: The Battery Act,http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/epawaste\/laws-regs\/state\/policy\/p1104.pdf(accessed Nov 2009) ."},{"key":"ref25\/cit25","unstructured":"EPA, Envirosense: AF Center for Environmental Excellence\u2014Fact Sheet on Batteries Disposal and The Battery Act, EPA Enforcement Alert, Vol. 5, no. 2, Mar 2002.http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/compliance\/resources\/newsletters\/civil\/enfalert\/battery.pdf(accessed Nov 2009) ."},{"key":"ref26\/cit26","unstructured":"Gemeinsames R\u00fccknahmesystem Batterien (GRS Batterien), Stiftung Gemeinsames Rucknahmesystem Batterien, Heidenkampsweg 44, D-20097 Hamburg, Germany.http:\/\/www.grs-batterien.de\/facts_and_figures.html(accessed Nov 2009) ."},{"key":"ref27\/cit27","unstructured":"Bebat, Fonds Ophaling Batterijen \u2212 VZW, Woluwe Garden B, Woluwedal 28 b7, 1932 St-Stevens-Woluwe, Belgium.http:\/\/www.bebat.be\/(accessed Nov 2009) ."},{"key":"ref28\/cit28","unstructured":"Stibat, Stichting Batterijen, PO Box 719, 2700 AS Zoetermeer, KVK 41154824 in Den Haag, The Netherlands,http:\/\/www.stibat.nl\/(accessed Nov 2009) ."},{"key":"ref29\/cit29","unstructured":"Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation (RBRC). http:\/\/www.rbrc.org\/call2recycle\/(accessed Nov 2009) ."},{"key":"ref30\/cit30","unstructured":"Portable Rechargeable Battery Association (PRBA. http:\/\/www.prba.org\/(accessed Nov 2008) ."},{"key":"ref31\/cit31","unstructured":"European Battery Recycling Association. http:\/\/www.ebrarecycling.org(accessed Nov 2008) ."},{"key":"ref32\/cit32","unstructured":"Recycling around Europe. European Portable Battery Association, European Portable Battery Association, Bruxelles, Belgium.http:\/\/www.epbaeurope.net\/recycling.html(accessed Jan 2009) ."},{"key":"ref33\/cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2006.02.034","volume":"159","author":"Rogulski Z.","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref34\/cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7753(03)00810-3","volume":"124","author":"Bernardes A. M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref35\/cit35","unstructured":"Toxco Inc.,Anaheim, CA.http:\/\/www.toxco.com\/(accessed Nov 2009) ."},{"key":"ref36\/cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7753(01)00600-0","volume":"97","author":"Lain M.","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref37\/cit37","volume-title":"An Introduction to Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Technology","author":"Cook B.","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref38\/cit38","unstructured":"Plugpower, Fuel Cell systems, Hydrogen, the fuel of the future.http:\/\/www.plugpower.com\/technology\/fuelcelloverview.aspx(accessed Jan 2009) ."},{"key":"ref39\/cit39","unstructured":"Medis Technologies Ltd., 805 Third Avenue, 15th floor, New York, NY 10022, Medis 24-7 Power Pack product specification sheet,http:\/\/fuelcellstore.com\/products\/medis\/Powerpack-specsheet.pdf(accessed Jan 2009) ."},{"key":"ref40\/cit40","unstructured":"Ballard Power Systems Inc., 4343 North Fraser Way, Burnaby BC, V5J 5J9, Canada, Ballard delivers first prototypes of third generation long-life fuel cell for residential cogeneration,http:\/\/www.ballard.com(accessed Nov 2009) ."},{"key":"ref41\/cit41","unstructured":"Honda Motor Company. Honda Fuel Cell Power FCX, Press information 2004.12,http:\/\/world.honda.com\/FuelCell\/FCX\/FCXPK.pdfand Honda\u2019s Clarity advanced fuel cell vehicle,http:\/\/automobiles.honda.com\/fcx-clarity\/(accessed Dec 2009) ."}],"container-title":["Journal of Chemical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/ed800053u","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T03:58:36Z","timestamp":1680839916000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1021\/ed800053u"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,12]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1021\/ed800053u"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ed800053u","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9584","1938-1328"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9584","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-1328","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,12]]}}}