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CRONIN, op.cit., 28.","DOI":"10.1177\/030631277700700112"},{"key":"278036_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(88)90022-4","volume":"17","author":"P. Collins","year":"1988","unstructured":"See, for instance, P. Collins and S. Wyatt, Citations in patents to the basic research literature. Research Policy, 17 (1988), 65-74, or more recently, M. Meyer, Patents citing scientific literature: is the relationship causal or casual? IPTS Report, issue October 1998. See also M. MEYER, Does science push technology? Patents citing scientific literature, Research Policy, forthcoming.","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"278036_CR7","volume-title":"Patents as Scientific and Technical Literature","author":"R. D. Walker","year":"1995","unstructured":"R. D. Walker, Patents as Scientific and Technical Literature. 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Cronin","year":"1984","unstructured":"See B. Cronin, op.cit., 28. See also D.E. CHUBIN and S.D. MOITRA, Content analysis of references: adjunct or alternative to citation counting? Social Studies of Science, 5 (1975), 423\u2013441."},{"key":"278036_CR22","volume-title":"Patents Handbook: A Guide for Inventors and Researchers to Searching Patent Documents and Preparing and Making an Application","author":"F.K. Carr","year":"1995","unstructured":"F.K. Carr, Patents Handbook: A Guide for Inventors and Researchers to Searching Patent Documents and Preparing and Making an Application. McFarland & Co., Jefferson, NC, and London, 1995."},{"key":"278036_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0172-2190(95)00044-5","volume":"17","author":"P. Ganguli","year":"1995","unstructured":"P. Ganguli, M.J.R. Blackman, Patent Documents: A Multi-Edge Tool. 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Narin","year":"1989","unstructured":"However, this is in the same order of relative magnitude as the results of a study by Narin, Rosen and Olivastro, which indicates that only 20\u201350% of all references in the full text are also listed on the front page. For details, see F. Narin, M. Rosen and D. Olivastro, Patent citation analysis: new validation studies and linkage statistics. In: A. Van Raan et al. (Eds), Science and Technology Indicators: Their Use in Science Policy and Their Role in Science Studies. Leiden: DSWO Press, 1989."},{"key":"278036_CR31","unstructured":"G. Jordan, personal communication."},{"key":"278036_CR32","first-page":"138","volume-title":"Patents as Scientific and Technical Literature","author":"R.D. Walker","year":"1995","unstructured":"R.D. Walker, op.cit., 138."},{"key":"278036_CR33","unstructured":"R. Bertram, personal communication."},{"key":"278036_CR34","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Patents as Scientific and Technical Literature","author":"R.D. 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(3) Others prefer not to patent but rather to manage their affairs by means of industrial secrecy. (4) Patents are also taken out as part of employee incentive programs to promote inventiveness, resulting in a large number of not necessarily workable minor parts. See B. Campbell, op.cit., 211f."},{"key":"278036_CR40","unstructured":"G. Jordan, personal communication."},{"key":"278036_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-07408-2_6","volume-title":"Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology","author":"A. Rip","year":"1986","unstructured":"A. Rip, Mobilising resources through texts. In: M. Callon, J. Law, A. Rip (Eds), Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology. Macmillan, London, 1986, 84-99."},{"key":"278036_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(88)90022-4","volume":"17","author":"P. Collins","year":"1988","unstructured":"P. Collins, S. 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Bertram, personal communication."},{"key":"278036_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02016800","volume":"26","author":"Schmoch","year":"1993","unstructured":"Schmoch, op.cit.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"278036_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02016800","volume":"26","author":"Schmoch","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ibid.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"278036_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/0172-2190(81)90003-X","volume":"3","author":"R. Barr\u0116","year":"1981","unstructured":"R. Barr\u0116, Results of a statistical study of the references cited in the search reports established by the EPO (January 1981). World Patent Information, 3 (1981) 56-60. See also SCHMOCH, op.cit.","journal-title":"World Patent Information"},{"key":"278036_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02016800","volume":"26","author":"Schmoch","year":"1993","unstructured":"Schmoch, op.cit.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"278036_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-5765(91)90185-8","volume":"24","author":"U. Schmoch","year":"1991","unstructured":"However, Schmoch can present some evidence for a more general relationship. He cites an intellectual evaluation study of patent references that has shown for the field of space technology that a large number of references are linked to the citing patents in a very broad sense. See U. Schmoch, N. Kirsch, W. Lay, E. Plescher, K.-O. Jung, Analysis of technical spin-off effects of space-related R & D by means of patent indicators. Acta Astronautica, 24 (1991) 353-362.","journal-title":"Acta Astronautica"},{"key":"278036_CR54","first-page":"91f","volume-title":"Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology","author":"A. Rip","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rip distinguishes three different kinds of readers: (1) the officials of the Patent Office, who have to grant the patent; (2) the competitors in the field, who are eager for information about new products and processes; and (3) potential licensees, who must be interested in what the patent offers. See A. Rip, Mobilising resources through texts. In: M. Callon, J. Law, A. Rip (Eds), Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology. Macmillan: London, 1986, 91f."},{"key":"278036_CR55","first-page":"91f","volume-title":"Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology","author":"A. Rip","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"278036_CR56","first-page":"91f","volume-title":"Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology","author":"A. 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Routledge: London, 1989 op.cit., 234."},{"key":"278036_CR59","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology","author":"A. Rip","year":"1986","unstructured":"A. Rip, J. LAW, A. RIP (Eds), Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology. Macmillan, London, 1986 op.cit., p. 97."},{"key":"278036_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2307\/800743","volume":"37","author":"A. Cambrosio","year":"1990","unstructured":"For the field of biotechnology, Cambrosio, Keating and MacKenzie illustrate the strategic character of patents and, furthermore, show that \u201cwhile one might expect \u2018technical\u2019 arguments to play a central role... 'social', \u2018historical\u2019 \u2018economic\u2019, or \u2018philosophical\u2019 arguments are coextensive with and constitutive of the \u2018technical\u2019.\u201d See A. Cambrosio, P. Keating, M. 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