{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T13:38:46Z","timestamp":1774877926815,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,10,1]],"date-time":"1997-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":875664000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,10,1]],"date-time":"1997-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":875664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Machine Learning"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,10]]},"DOI":"10.1023\/a:1007413323501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,22]],"date-time":"2002-12-22T04:48:21Z","timestamp":1040532501000},"page":"5-44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":221,"title":["Decision Tree Induction Based on Efficient Tree Restructuring"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Paul E.","family":"Utgoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Neil C.","family":"Berkman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jeffery A.","family":"Clouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"146110_CR1","volume-title":"Classification and regression trees","author":"L. Breiman","year":"1984","unstructured":"Breiman, L., Friedman, J. H., Olshen, R. A., & Stone, C. J. (1984). Classification and regression trees. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth International Group."},{"key":"146110_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1145\/96559.96576","volume":"37","author":"J. R. B. Cockett","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cockett, J. R. B., & Herrera, J. A. (1990). Decision tree reduction. Journal of the ACM,37, 815\u2013842.","journal-title":"Journal of the ACM"},{"key":"146110_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7373(89)90027-8","volume":"31","author":"S. L. Crawford","year":"1989","unstructured":"Crawford, S. L. (1989). Extensions to the CART algorithm. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies,31, 197\u2013217.","journal-title":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"},{"key":"146110_CR4","unstructured":"Fayyad, U. M. (1991). On the induction of decision trees for multiple concept learning. Doctoral dissertation, Computer Science and Engineering, University of Michigan."},{"key":"146110_CR5","first-page":"87","volume":"8","author":"U. M. Fayyad","year":"1992","unstructured":"Fayyad, U. M., & Irani, K. B. (1992). On the handling of continuous-valued attributes in decision tree generation. Machine Learning,8, 87\u2013102.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"146110_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.276","volume":"4","author":"D. Fisher","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fisher, D. (1996). Iterative optimization and simplification of hierarchical clusterings. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research,4, 147\u2013178.","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research"},{"key":"146110_CR7","first-page":"231","volume":"24","author":"D. Kalles","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kalles, D., & Morris, T. (1996). Efficient incremental induction of decision trees. Machine Learning,24, 231\u2013242.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"146110_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohavi, R. (1995). The power of decision tables. Proceedings of the European Conference on Machine Learning.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-59286-5_57"},{"key":"146110_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1109\/34.481538","volume":"18","author":"B. C. Lovell","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lovell, B. C., & Bradley, A. P. (1996). The multiscale classifer. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,18, 124\u2013137.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"146110_CR10","first-page":"775","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eleventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"R. Mooney","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mooney, R., Shavlik, J., Towell, G., & Gove, A. (1989). An experimental comparison of symbolic and connectionist learning algorithms. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 775\u2013780). Detroit, Michigan: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"146110_CR11","volume-title":"UCI repository of machine learning databases","author":"P. M. Murphy","year":"1994","unstructured":"Murphy, P. M., & Aha, D. W. (1994). UCI repository of machine learning databases, Irvine, CA: University of California, Department of Information and Computer Science."},{"key":"146110_CR12","first-page":"217","volume-title":"Machine Learning: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference","author":"M. Pazzani","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pazzani, M., Merz, C., Murphy, P., Ali, K., Hume, T., & Brunk, C. (1994). Reducing misclassification costs. Machine Learning: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference (pp. 217\u2013225). New Brunswick, NJ: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"146110_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-5401(89)90010-2","volume":"80","author":"J. R. Quinlan","year":"1989","unstructured":"Quinlan, J. R., & Rivest, R. L. (1989). Inferring decision trees using the minimum description length principle. Information and Computation,80, 227\u2013248.","journal-title":"Information and Computation"},{"key":"146110_CR14","volume-title":"C4.5: Programs for machine learning","author":"J. R. Quinlan","year":"1993","unstructured":"Quinlan, J. R. (1993). C4.5: Programs for machine learning. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"146110_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(78)90005-5","volume":"14","author":"J. Rissanen","year":"1978","unstructured":"Rissanen, J. (1978). Modeling by shortest data description. Automatica,14, 465\u2013471.","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"146110_CR16","first-page":"496","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fifth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"J. C. Schlimmer","year":"1986","unstructured":"Schlimmer, J. C., & Fisher, D. (1986). A case study of incremental concept induction. Proceedings of the Fifth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 496\u2013501). Philadelpha, PA: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"146110_CR17","volume-title":"Principles and procedures of statistics","author":"R. G. D. Steel","year":"1960","unstructured":"Steel, R. G. D., & Torrie, J. H. (1960). Principles and procedures of statistics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"146110_CR18","first-page":"854","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eighth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"M. Tan","year":"1990","unstructured":"Tan, M., & Schlimmer, J. C. (1990). Two case studies in cost-sensitive concept acquisition. Proceedings of the Eighth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 854\u2013860). Boston, MA: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"146110_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022699900025","volume":"4","author":"P. E. Utgoff","year":"1989","unstructured":"Utgoff, P. E. (1989). Incremental induction of decision trees. Machine Learning,4, 161\u2013186.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"146110_CR20","first-page":"318","volume-title":"Machine Learning: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference","author":"P. E. Utgoff","year":"1994","unstructured":"Utgoff, P. E. (1994). An improved algorithm for incremental induction of decision trees. Machine Learning: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference (pp. 318\u2013325). New Brunswick, NJ: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"146110_CR21","series-title":"Technical Report","volume-title":"A Kolmogorov-Smirnoff metric for decision tree induction","author":"P. E. Utgoff","year":"1996","unstructured":"Utgoff, P. E., & Clouse, J. A. (1996). A Kolmogorov-Smirnoff metric for decision tree induction, (Technical Report 96-3), Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts, Department of Computer Science."},{"key":"146110_CR22","first-page":"66","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"W. Van de Velde","year":"1990","unstructured":"Van de Velde, W. (1990). Incremental induction of topologically minimal trees. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Machine Learning (pp. 66\u201374). Austin, TX: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"146110_CR23","volume-title":"Introduction to statistics","author":"R. E. Walpole","year":"1974","unstructured":"Walpole, R. E. (1974). Introduction to statistics. New York: Macmillan."},{"key":"146110_CR24","first-page":"321","volume":"15","author":"A. P. White","year":"1994","unstructured":"White, A. P., & Liu, W. Z. (1994). Bias in information-based measures in decision tree induction. Machine Learning,15, 321\u2013329.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"146110_CR25","volume-title":"Algorithms + data structures = programs","author":"N. Wirth","year":"1976","unstructured":"Wirth, N. (1976). Algorithms + data structures = programs. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall."}],"container-title":["Machine Learning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1007413323501.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1007413323501\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1007413323501.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T11:33:05Z","timestamp":1752147185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1023\/A:1007413323501"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,10]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,10]]}},"alternative-id":["146110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1007413323501","relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-6125","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}