{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T09:31:24Z","timestamp":1775813484529,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,2,1]],"date-time":"1998-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":886291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,2,1]],"date-time":"1998-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":886291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Minds and Machines"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]},"DOI":"10.1023\/a:1008242619231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,22]],"date-time":"2002-12-22T13:47:34Z","timestamp":1040564854000},"page":"119-136","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Explanation in Scientists and Children"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"William F.","family":"Brewer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clark A.","family":"Chinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ala","family":"Samarapungavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"150284_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/0140528860080205","volume":"8","author":"B. Andersson","year":"1986","unstructured":"Andersson, B. (1986), \u2018The Experiential Gestalt of Causation: A Common Core to Pupils' Preconceptions in Science\u2019, European Journal of Science Education 8, pp. 155\u2013171.","journal-title":"European Journal of Science Education"},{"key":"150284_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1021\/ed063p64","volume":"63","author":"R. Ben-Zvi","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ben-Zvi, R., Evlon, B.-S., and Silberstein, J. (1986), \u2018Is an Atom of Copper Malleable?\u2019, Journal of Chemical Education 63, pp. 64\u201366.","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Education"},{"key":"150284_CR3","first-page":"61","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"W.F. Brewer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brewer, W.F., and Chinn, C.A. (1994), \u2018The Theory-Ladenness of Data: An Experimental Demonstration\u2019, in Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 61\u201365."},{"key":"150284_CR4","first-page":"254","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"W.F. Brewer","year":"1993","unstructured":"Brewer, W.F., and Lambert, B.L. (1993), \u2018The Theory-Ladenness of Observation: Evidence from Cognitive Psychology\u2019, in Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 254\u2013259."},{"key":"150284_CR5","first-page":"209","volume-title":"Cognition and the Symbolic Processes: Applied and Ecological Perspectives","author":"W.F. Brewer","year":"1991","unstructured":"Brewer, W.F., and Samarapungavan, A. (1991), \u2018Children's Theories vs. Scientific Theories: Differences in Reasoning or Differences in Knowledge?\u2019, in R.R. Hoffman & D.S. Palermo (eds.), Cognition and the Symbolic Processes: Applied and Ecological Perspectives, HillsdaIe, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 209\u2013232."},{"key":"150284_CR6","volume-title":"Foundations of Science","author":"N.R. Campbell","year":"1957","unstructured":"Campbell, N.R. (1957), Foundations of Science, New York: Dover."},{"key":"150284_CR7","volume-title":"Conceptual Change in Childhood","author":"S. Carey","year":"1985","unstructured":"Carey, S. (1985), Conceptual Change in Childhood, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"150284_CR8","unstructured":"Chinn, C.A. (1997), A Microgenetic Study of Learning about the Molecular Theory of Matter and Chemical Reactions, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign."},{"key":"150284_CR9","first-page":"165","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"C.A. Chinn","year":"1992","unstructured":"Chinn, C.A., and Brewer, W.F. (1992), \u2018Psychological Responses to Anomalous Data\u2019, in Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 165\u2013170."},{"key":"150284_CR10","unstructured":"Chinn, C.A., and Brewer, W.F. (in press). \u2018An Empirical Test of a Taxonomy of Responses to Anomalous Data,\u2019 Journal of Research in Science Teaching."},{"key":"150284_CR11","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Constructivism in the Computer Age","author":"A.A. diSessa","year":"1988","unstructured":"diSessa, A.A. (1988), \u2018Knowledge in Pieces\u2019, in G. Forman & P.B. Pufall, (eds.), Constructivism in the Computer Age, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 49\u201370."},{"key":"150284_CR12","volume-title":"Children's Ideas in Science","year":"1985","unstructured":"Driver, R., Guesne, E., and Tiberghien, A., (eds.), (1985), Children's Ideas in Science, Milton Keynes, UK: Open University Press."},{"key":"150284_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2307\/2024924","volume":"71","author":"M. Friedman","year":"1974","unstructured":"Friedman, M. (1974), \u2018Explanation and Scientific Understanding\u2019, Journal of Philosophy 71, pp. 5\u201319.","journal-title":"Journal of Philosophy"},{"key":"150284_CR14","volume-title":"Science on Trial: The Case for Evolution","author":"D.J. Futuyma","year":"1983","unstructured":"Futuyma, D.J. (1983), Science on Trial: The Case for Evolution, New York: Pantheon Books."},{"key":"150284_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02356817","volume":"16","author":"C. Gauld","year":"1986","unstructured":"Gauld, C. (1986), \u2018Models, Meters and Memory\u2019, Research in Science Education 16, pp. 49\u201354.","journal-title":"Research in Science Education"},{"key":"150284_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1086\/289255","volume":"52","author":"R.N. Giere","year":"1985","unstructured":"Giere, R.N. (1985), \u2018Philosophy of Science Naturalized\u2019, Philosophy of Science 52, pp. 331\u2013356.","journal-title":"Philosophy of Science"},{"key":"150284_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1086\/289970","volume":"63","author":"A. Gopnik","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gopnik, A. (1996), \u2018The Scientist as Child\u2019, Philosophy of Science 63, pp. 485\u2013514.","journal-title":"Philosophy of Science"},{"key":"150284_CR18","volume-title":"Ontogeny and Phylogeny","author":"S.J. Gould","year":"1977","unstructured":"Gould, S.J. (1977), Ontogeny and Phylogeny, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"150284_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/sce.3730650308","volume":"65","author":"R.F. Gunstone","year":"1981","unstructured":"Gunstone, R.F., and White, R.T. (1981), \u2018Understanding of Gravity\u2019, Science Education 65, pp. 291\u2013299.","journal-title":"Science Education"},{"key":"150284_CR20","unstructured":"Kelemen, D.A. (1996), \u2018The Nature and Development of the Teleological Stance\u2019, (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Arizona, 1996), Dissertation Abstracts International 57, p. 2897B."},{"key":"150284_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1086\/289019","volume":"48","author":"P. Kitcher","year":"1981","unstructured":"Kitcher, P. (1981), \u2018Explanatory Unification\u2019, Philosophy of Science 48, pp. 507\u2013531.","journal-title":"Philosophy of Science"},{"key":"150284_CR22","volume-title":"Naturalizing Epistemology","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kornblith, H. (ed.), (1994), Naturalizing Epistemology 2nd ed., Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"150284_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511571350","volume-title":"The Skills of Argument","author":"D. Kuhn","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kuhn, D. (1991), The Skills of Argument, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"150284_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226217239.001.0001","volume-title":"The Essential Tension","author":"T.S. Kuhn","year":"1977","unstructured":"Kuhn, T.S. (1977), \u2018Objectivity, Value Judgment, and Theory Choice\u2019, in T. S. Kuhn (ed.), The Essential Tension, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 320\u2013339."},{"key":"150284_CR25","volume-title":"Progress and its Problems","author":"L. Laudan","year":"1977","unstructured":"Laudan, L. (1977), Progress and its Problems, Berkeley: University of California Press."},{"key":"150284_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-835X.1990.tb00842.x","volume":"8","author":"I. Levin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Levin, I., Siegler, R. S., Druyan, S., and Gardosh, R. (1990), \u2018Everyday and Curriculum-Based Physics Concepts: When Does Short-Term Training Bring Change Where Years of Schooling Have Failed to do so?\u2019, British Journal of Developmental Psychology 8, pp. 269\u2013279.","journal-title":"British Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"150284_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-0545-3","volume-title":"Imagery in Scientific Thought: Creating 20th-Century Physics","author":"A.I. Miller","year":"1984","unstructured":"Miller, A.I. (1984), Imagery in Scientific Thought: Creating 20th-Century Physics, Boston: Birkh\u00e4user."},{"key":"150284_CR28","volume-title":"The Structure of Science","author":"E. Nagel","year":"1961","unstructured":"Nagel, E. (1961), The Structure of Science, NY: Harcourt, Brace & World."},{"key":"150284_CR29","volume-title":"The Child's Conception of Physical Causality","author":"J. Piaget","year":"1960","unstructured":"Piaget, J. (1960), The Child's Conception of Physical Causality, Totowa, NJ: Littlefield, Adams."},{"key":"150284_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.3660280904","volume":"28","author":"F. Reif","year":"1991","unstructured":"Reif, F., and Larkin, J.H. (1991), \u2018Cognition in Scientific and Everyday Domains: Comparison and Learning Implications\u2019, Journal of Research in Science Teaching 28, pp. 733\u2013760.","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Science Teaching"},{"key":"150284_CR31","first-page":"544","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"M. Reiner","year":"1988","unstructured":"Reiner, M., Chi, M.T.H., and Resnick, L. (1988), \u2018Naive Materialistic Belief: An Underlying Epistemological Commitment\u2019, Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 544\u2013551."},{"key":"150284_CR32","volume-title":"Four Decades of Scientific Explanation","author":"W.C. Salmon","year":"1990","unstructured":"Salmon, W.C. (1990), Four Decades of Scientific Explanation, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press."},{"key":"150284_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(92)90021-9","volume":"45","author":"A. Samarapungavan","year":"1992","unstructured":"Samarapungavan, A. (1992), \u2018Children's Judgments in Theory Choice Tasks: Scientifc Rationality in Childhood\u2019, Cognition 45, pp. 1\u201332.","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"150284_CR34","unstructured":"Samarapungavan, A. (1995a March), Do Children Understand the Burden of Public Proof in Science, Paper Presented at the Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development Indianapolis, IN."},{"key":"150284_CR35","unstructured":"Samarapungavan, A. (1995b April), \u2018Establishing Boundaries for Explanatory Frameworks: Children's Epistemologies in Context\u2019, in J. Astington (chair), Theory of Mind at School: Children's Scientific Reasoning, Symposium Conducted at the Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco."},{"key":"150284_CR36","first-page":"778","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"A. Samarapungavan","year":"1994","unstructured":"Samarapungavan, A., and Wiers, R. (1994), \u2018Do Children have Epistemic Constructs about Explanatory Frameworks: Examples from Naive Ideas about the Origin of Species\u2019, in Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 778\u2013783."},{"key":"150284_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog2102_2","volume":"21","author":"A. Samarapungavan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Samarapungavan, A., and Wiers, R.W. (1997), \u2018Children's Thoughts on the Origin of Species: A Study of Explanatory Coherence\u2019, Cognitive Science 21, pp. 147\u2013177.","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"150284_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-2014(96)90015-5","volume":"11","author":"A. Samarapungavan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Samarapungavan, A., Vosniadou, S., and Brewer, W.F. (1996), \u2018Mental Models of the Earth, Sun, and Moon: Indian Children's Cosmologies\u2019, Cognitive Development 11, pp. 491\u2013521.","journal-title":"Cognitive Development"},{"key":"150284_CR39","first-page":"892","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"P. Schank","year":"1991","unstructured":"Schank, P., and Ranney, M. (1991), \u2018Modeling an Experimental Study of Explanatory Coherence\u2019, in Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 892\u2013897."},{"key":"150284_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691186672","volume-title":"Conceptual Revolutions","author":"P. Thagard","year":"1992","unstructured":"Thagard, P. (1992), Conceptual Revolutions, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press."},{"key":"150284_CR41","volume-title":"Foresight and Understanding","author":"S. Toulmin","year":"1961","unstructured":"Toulmin, S. (1961), Foresight and Understanding, New York: Harper & Row."},{"key":"150284_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(92)90018-W","volume":"24","author":"S. Vosniadou","year":"1992","unstructured":"Vosniadou, S., and Brewer, W.F. (1992), \u2018Mental Models of the Earth: A Study of Conceptual Change in Childhood\u2019, Cognitive Psychology 24, pp. 535\u2013585.","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"150284_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1801_4","volume":"18","author":"S. Vosniadou","year":"1994","unstructured":"Vosniadou, S., and Brewer, W.F. (1994), \u2018Mental Models of the Day\/Night Cycle\u2019, Cognitive Science 18, pp. 123\u2013183.","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"150284_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/10016-000","volume-title":"Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist","author":"J.B. Watson","year":"1919","unstructured":"Watson, J.B. (1919), Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist, Philadelphia: Lippincott."},{"key":"150284_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1811.001.0001","volume-title":"The Child's Theory of Mind","author":"H.M. Wellman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wellman, H.M. (1990), The Child's Theory of Mind, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"150284_CR46","first-page":"357","volume-title":"Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science: Vol. 8. Scientific Explanation","author":"J. Woodward","year":"1989","unstructured":"Woodward, J. (1989), \u2018The Causal Mechanical Model of Explanation\u2019, in P. Kitcher & W.C. Salmon, (eds.), Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science: Vol. 8. Scientific Explanation, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 357\u2013383."}],"container-title":["Minds and Machines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1008242619231.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1008242619231\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1008242619231.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T05:31:35Z","timestamp":1747891895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1023\/A:1008242619231"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]}},"alternative-id":["150284"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1008242619231","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-6495","1572-8641"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-6495","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8641","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]}}}