{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T22:10:57Z","timestamp":1780438257300,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]],"date-time":"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":946684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]],"date-time":"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":946684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Intelligence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"DOI":"10.1023\/a:1008320219610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,22]],"date-time":"2002-12-22T14:41:38Z","timestamp":1040568098000},"page":"27-42","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Knowledge Extraction from Transducer Neural Networks"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Wermter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"243690_CR1","unstructured":"S. H\u00a8olldobler, \u201cA structured connectionist unification algorithm,\u201d in Proceedings of the National Conference of the American Association on Artificial Intelligence 90, Boston, MA, 1990, pp. 587\u2013593."},{"key":"243690_CR2","unstructured":"F. Kurfe\u00df, \u201cUnification on a connectionist simulator,\u201d in Arti-ficial Neural Networksedited by T. Kohonen, K. M\u00a8akisara, O. Simula, and J. Kangas, North-Holland, pp. 471\u2013476, 1991."},{"key":"243690_CR3","unstructured":"A. Sperduti, A. Starita, and C. Goller, \u201cLearning distributed representations for the classifications of terms,\u201d in Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Montreal, 1995, pp. 494\u2013515."},{"key":"243690_CR4","volume-title":"Hybrid Connectionist Natural Language Processing","author":"S. Wermter","year":"1995","unstructured":"S. Wermter, Hybrid Connectionist Natural Language Processing, Chapman and Hall, Thomson International: London, UK, 1995."},{"key":"243690_CR5","unstructured":"J. Hallam (ed.), \u201cHybrid Problems, Hybrid Solutions,\u201d IOS Press: Sheffield, UK, 1996, in Proceedings of the 10th Biennial Conference on AI and Cognitive Science (AISB-95), Amsterdam."},{"key":"243690_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2353-6","volume-title":"Hybrid Intelligent Systems","author":"L.R. Medsker","year":"1995","unstructured":"L.R. Medsker, Hybrid Intelligent Systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers: Boston, 1995."},{"key":"243690_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00877227","volume":"5","author":"R. Sun","year":"1995","unstructured":"R. Sun, \u201cSchemas, logics and neural assemblies,\u201d Applied Intelligence, vol. 5, pp. 83\u2013102, 1995.","journal-title":"Applied Intelligence"},{"key":"243690_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-60925-3","volume-title":"Connectionist, Statistical and Symbolic Approaches to Learning for Natural Language Processing","author":"S. Wermter","year":"1996","unstructured":"S. Wermter, E. Riloff, and G. Scheler, Connectionist, Statistical and Symbolic Approaches to Learning for Natural Language Processing, Springer: Berlin, 1996."},{"key":"243690_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5929.001.0001","volume-title":"Rethinking Innateness","author":"J.L. Elman","year":"1996","unstructured":"J.L. Elman, E.A. Bates, M.H. Johnson, A. Karmiloff-Smith, D. Parisi, and K. Plunkett, Rethinking Innateness, MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 1996."},{"key":"243690_CR10","unstructured":"M.W. Craven, \u201cExtracting Comprehensible Models from Trained Neural Networks,\u201d Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1996."},{"key":"243690_CR11","unstructured":"S. Wermter, \u201cPreference moore machines for neural fuzzy integration,\u201d in Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Stockholm, 1999, pp. 840\u2013845."},{"key":"243690_CR12","unstructured":"R. Andrews and J. Diederich, Rules and Networks, Queensland University of Technology: Brisbane, Australia, 1996."},{"issue":"5","key":"243690_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(05)80117-0","volume":"6","author":"S. Abe","year":"1993","unstructured":"S. Abe, M. Kayama, H. Takenaga, and T. Kitamura, \u201cExtracting algorithms from pattern classification neural networks,\u201d Neural Networks, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 729\u2013735, 1993.","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"243690_CR14","first-page":"561","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence and Neural Networks: Steps Towards Principled Integration","author":"J. Shavlik","year":"1994","unstructured":"J. Shavlik, \u201cA framework for combining symbolic and neural learning,\u201d in Artificial Intelligence and Neural Networks: Steps Towards Principled Integration, edited by V. Honavar and L. Uhr, Academic Press: San Diego, pp. 561\u2013580, 1994."},{"key":"243690_CR15","unstructured":"G.E. Hinton, \u201cLearning distributed representations of concepts,\u201d in Proceedings of the 8th Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 1986."},{"key":"243690_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(88)90023-8","volume":"1","author":"R.P. Gorman","year":"1988","unstructured":"R.P. Gorman and T.J. Sejnowski, \u201cAnalysis of hidden units in a layered network trained to classify sonar targets,\u201d Neural Networks, vol. 1, pp. 75\u201389, 1988.","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"243690_CR17","first-page":"195","volume-title":"Mind as Motion: Explorations in the Dynamics of Cognition","author":"J.L. Elman","year":"1994","unstructured":"J.L. Elman, \u201cLanguage as a dynamical system,\u201d in Mind as Motion: Explorations in the Dynamics of Cognition, edited by R.F. Port and T. van Gelder, MIT: Cambridge, MA, pp. 195\u2013225, 1995."},{"key":"243690_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/09540099308915703","volume":"5","author":"C.L. Giles","year":"1993","unstructured":"C.L. Giles and C.W. Omlin, \u201cExtraction, insertion and refinement of symbolic rules in dynamically driven recurrent neural networks,\u201d Connection Science, vol. 5, pp. 307\u2013337, 1993.","journal-title":"Connection Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"243690_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(95)00086-0","volume":"9","author":"C.W. Omlin","year":"1996","unstructured":"C.W. Omlin and C.L. Giles, \u201cExtraction of rules from discretetime recurrent neural networks,\u201d Neural Networks, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 41\u201352, 1996.","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"243690_CR20","unstructured":"J. Wiles and J. Elman, \u201cLearning to count without a counter: a case study of dynamics and activation landscapes in recurrent networks,\u201d in Proceedings of the AAAI Workshop on Computational Cognitive Modeling: Source of the Power, Portland, Oregon, 1996."},{"issue":"1","key":"243690_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.282","volume":"6","author":"S. Wermter","year":"1997","unstructured":"S. Wermter and V. Weber, \u201cSCREEN: Learning a flat syntactic and semantic spoken language analysis using artificial neural networks,\u201d Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 35\u201385, 1997.","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research"},{"key":"243690_CR22","unstructured":"S. Wermter and M. Meurer, \u201cBuilding lexical representations dynamically using artificial neural networks,\u201d in Proceedings of the International Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Stanford, 1997, pp. 802\u2013807."},{"key":"243690_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.Wermter and M. L\u00a8ochel, \u201cLearning dialog act processing,\u201d in Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1996, pp. 740\u2013745.","DOI":"10.3115\/993268.993297"},{"key":"243690_CR24","first-page":"195","volume":"7","author":"J.L. Elman","year":"1991","unstructured":"J.L. Elman, \u201cDistributed representations, simple recurrent networks, and grammatical structure,\u201d Machine Learning, vol. 7, pp. 195\u2013226, 1991.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"243690_CR25","unstructured":"S. Wermter, \u201cThe hybrid approach to artificial neural networkbased language processing,\u201d in A Handbook of Natural Language Processing, edited by R. Dale, H. Moisl, and H. Somers, Marcel Dekker, 2000."},{"key":"243690_CR26","volume-title":"Sequential Machines and Automata Theory","author":"T.L. Booth","year":"1967","unstructured":"T.L. Booth, Sequential Machines and Automata Theory, John Wiley: New York, 1967."},{"key":"243690_CR27","volume-title":"Switching and Finite Automata Theory","author":"Z. Kohavi","year":"1970","unstructured":"Z.Kohavi, Switching and Finite Automata Theory, McGrawHill: New York, 1970."},{"key":"243690_CR28","volume-title":"An Introduction to Automata Theory","author":"M.W. Shields","year":"1987","unstructured":"M.W. Shields, An Introduction to Automata Theory, Blackwell Scientific Publications: London, 1987."},{"key":"243690_CR29","volume-title":"Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation","author":"J. Hopcroft","year":"1979","unstructured":"J. Hopcroft and J. Ullman, Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation, Addison Wesley: Reading, MA, 1979."},{"key":"243690_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2010.001.0001","volume-title":"The Computational Brain","author":"P.S. Churchland","year":"1992","unstructured":"P.S. Churchland and T.J. Sejnowski, The Computational Brain, MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 1992."},{"key":"243690_CR31","volume-title":"Language as a Cognitive Process","author":"T. Winograd","year":"1983","unstructured":"T. Winograd, Language as a Cognitive Process. Addison-Wesley: Reading, MA, 1983."},{"key":"243690_CR32","unstructured":"R. Kaplan, \u201cFinite state technology. \u201d in Survey of the State of the Art in Human Language Technology, edited by R.A. Cole, J. Mariani, H. Uszkoreit, A. Zaenen, V. Zue, G. Varile, and A. Zampolli, NSF: EU, 1995, pp. 419\u2013422."},{"issue":"3","key":"243690_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/01969727308546045","volume":"3","author":"E.S. Santos","year":"1973","unstructured":"E.S. Santos, \u201cFuzzy sequential functions,\u201d Journal of Cybernetics, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 15\u201331, 1973.","journal-title":"Journal of Cybernetics"},{"issue":"4","key":"243690_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1109\/72.392262","volume":"6","author":"S.C. Kremer","year":"1995","unstructured":"S.C. Kremer, \u201cOn the computational power of Elman-style recurrent networks,\u201d IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 1000\u20131004, 1995.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks"},{"key":"243690_CR35","unstructured":"S.C. Kremer, \u201cA theory of grammatical induction in the connectionist paradigm,\u201d Technical Report, Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, 1996."},{"key":"243690_CR36","unstructured":"M.W. Goudreau and C.L. Giles, \u201cOn recurrent neural networks and representing finite-state recognizers,\u201d in Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Neural Networks, 1995, pp. 51\u201355."},{"issue":"3","key":"243690_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1109\/72.286928","volume":"5","author":"M.W. Goudreau","year":"1994","unstructured":"M.W. Goudreau, C.L. Giles, S.T. Chakradhar, and D. Chen, \u201cFirst-order vs. second-order single layer recurrent neural networks,\u201d IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 511\u2013513, 1994.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks"},{"issue":"3","key":"243690_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1992.4.3.393","volume":"4","author":"C.L. Giles","year":"1992","unstructured":"C.L. Giles, C.B. Miller, D. Chen, H.H. Chen, G.Z. Sun, and Y.C. Lee, \u201cLearning and extracted finite state automata with secondorder recurrent neural networks,\u201d Neural Computation, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 393\u2013405, 1992.","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"key":"243690_CR39","volume-title":"Finite state machines and recurrent neural networks","author":"P. Tino","year":"1995","unstructured":"P. Tino, B.G. Horne, C.L. Giles, and P.C. Collingwood, \u201cFinite state machines and recurrent neural networks,\u201d Technical Report CS-TR-3396, University of Maryland, College Park, 1995."}],"container-title":["Applied Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1008320219610.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1008320219610\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1008320219610.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]],"date-time":"2025-05-18T14:44:24Z","timestamp":1747579464000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1023\/A:1008320219610"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]}},"alternative-id":["243690"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1008320219610","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-669X","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]}}}