{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]],"date-time":"2025-05-18T15:40:05Z","timestamp":1747582805874,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,1]],"date-time":"1999-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":930787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,1]],"date-time":"1999-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":930787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Intelligence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]},"DOI":"10.1023\/a:1008332731824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,22]],"date-time":"2002-12-22T14:41:38Z","timestamp":1040568098000},"page":"109-127","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A Hybrid Architecture for Situated Learning of Reactive Sequential Decision Making"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ron","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Todd","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Merrill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"211548_CR1","unstructured":"Sutton and Barto (1981)."},{"key":"211548_CR2","first-page":"213","volume-title":"Proc. of 7th International Symp. on Unmanned Untethered Submersible Technology","author":"A. Schultz","year":"1991","unstructured":"A. Schultz, \u201cUsing a genetic algorithm to learn strategies for collisionavoidance and local navigation,\u201d in Proc. of 7th International Symp. on Unmanned Untethered Submersible Technology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, pp. 213-225, 1991."},{"key":"211548_CR3","unstructured":"R. Sun and T. Peterson, \u201cA hybrid learning model of reactive sequential decision making,\u201d in The Working Notes of The IJCAI Workshop on Connectionist-Symbolic Integration, edited by R. Sun and F. Alexandre, 1995."},{"key":"211548_CR4","volume-title":"The SOAR Papers: Research on Integrated Intelligence","author":"P. Rosenbloom","year":"1993","unstructured":"P. Rosenbloom, J. Laird, and A. Newell, The SOAR Papers: Research on Integrated Intelligence, MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 1993."},{"issue":"1","key":"211548_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.101.1.53","volume":"101","author":"R. Nosofsky","year":"1994","unstructured":"R. Nosofsky, T. Palmeri, and S. McKinley, \u201cRule-plus-exception model of classification learning,\u201d Psychological Review, vol. 101,no. 1, pp. 53-79, 1994.","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"211548_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Widmer and M. Kubat, \u201cLearning in the presence of concept drift and hidden context,\u201d Machine Learning, vol. 23,no. 1, 1996.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00116900"},{"key":"211548_CR7","first-page":"9","volume":"3","author":"R. Sutton","year":"1988","unstructured":"R. Sutton, \u201cLearning to predict by the methods of temporal difference,\u201d Machine Learning, vol. 3, pp. 9-44, 1988.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"211548_CR8","volume-title":"Proc. of Seventh International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"R. Sutton","year":"1990","unstructured":"R. Sutton, \u201cIntegrated architectures for learning, planning, and reacting based on approximating dynamic programming,\u201d in Proc. of Seventh International Conference on Machine Learning, Morgan Kaufmann: San Mateo, CA, 1990."},{"key":"211548_CR9","first-page":"311","volume":"55","author":"S. Mahadevan","year":"1992","unstructured":"S. Mahadevan and J. Connell, \u201cAutomatic programming of behavior-based robot with reinforcement learning,\u201d vol. 55, pp. 311-365, 1992.","journal-title":"Automatic programming of behavior-based robot with reinforcement learning"},{"key":"211548_CR10","first-page":"293","volume":"8","author":"L. Lin","year":"1992","unstructured":"L. Lin, \u201cSelf-improving reactive agents based on reinforcement learning, planning, and teaching,\u201d Machine Learning, vol. 8, pp. 293-321, 1992.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"211548_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.301","volume":"4","author":"L. Kaelbling","year":"1996","unstructured":"L. Kaelbling, M. Littman, and A. Moore, \u201cReinforcement learning: A survey,\u201d Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, vol. 4, pp. 237-285, 1996.","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research"},{"key":"211548_CR12","unstructured":"T. Dietterich, Hierarchical reinforcement learning with MAXQ value function decomposition, 1997, ftp:\/\/www.cs.orst.edu."},{"key":"211548_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3729.001.0001","volume-title":"Induction: A Theory of Learning and Development","author":"J. Holland","year":"1986","unstructured":"J. Holland, N. Nisbitt, P. Thagard, and J. Holyoak, Induction: A Theory of Learning and Development, MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 1986."},{"issue":"1","key":"211548_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/105971239200100104","volume":"1","author":"J. Grefenstette","year":"1992","unstructured":"J. Grefenstette, \u201cThe evolution of strategies for multiagent environments,\u201d Adaptive Behavior, vol. 1,no. 1, pp. 65-90, 1992.","journal-title":"Adaptive Behavior"},{"key":"211548_CR15","unstructured":"L. Meeden, \u201cAn incremental approach to developing intelligent neural network controllers for robots,\u201d Adaptive Behavior, 1995."},{"key":"211548_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(83)90016-4","volume":"20","author":"R. Michalski","year":"1983","unstructured":"R. Michalski, \u201cA theory and methodology of inductive learning,\u201d Artificial Intelligence, vol. 20, pp. 111-161, 1983.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"211548_CR17","first-page":"81","volume":"1","author":"R. Quinlan","year":"1986","unstructured":"R. Quinlan, \u201cInductive learning of decision trees,\u201d Machine Learning, vol. 1, pp. 81-106, 1986.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"211548_CR18","first-page":"239","volume":"5","author":"R. Quinlan","year":"1990","unstructured":"R. Quinlan, \u201cLearning logical definition from relations,\u201d Machine Learning, vol. 5, pp. 239-266, 1990.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"211548_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(82)90040-6","volume":"18","author":"T. Mitchell","year":"1982","unstructured":"T. Mitchell, \u201cGeneralization as search,\u201d Artificial Intelligence, vol. 18, pp. 203-226, 1982.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"211548_CR20","first-page":"103","volume":"2","author":"M. Lebowitz","year":"1987","unstructured":"M. Lebowitz, \u201cExperiments with incremental concept formation: UNIMEM,\u201d Machine Learning, vol. 2, pp. 103-138, 1987.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"211548_CR21","first-page":"139","volume":"2","author":"D. Fisher","year":"1987","unstructured":"D. Fisher, \u201cKnowledge acquisition via incremental conceptual clustering,\u201d Machine Learning, vol. 2, pp. 139-172, 1987.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"211548_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022699900025","volume":"4","author":"P. Utgoff","year":"1989","unstructured":"P. Utgoff, \u201cIncremental induction of decision trees,\u201d Machine Learning, vol. 4, pp. 161-186, 1989.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"211548_CR23","first-page":"5","volume":"17","author":"H. Hirsh","year":"1994","unstructured":"H. Hirsh, \u201cGeneralizing version spaces,\u201d Machine Learning, vol. 17, pp. 5-46, 1994.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"211548_CR24","first-page":"261","volume":"3","author":"P. Clark","year":"1989","unstructured":"P. Clark and T. Niblett, \u201cThe CN2 induction algorithm,\u201d Machine Learning, vol. 3, pp. 261-284, 1989.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"211548_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(98)00007-3","volume":"14","author":"R. Sun","year":"1998","unstructured":"R. Sun and T. Peterson, \u201cSome experiments with a hybrid model for learning sequential decision making,\u201d Information Sciences, vol. 14, pp. 83-107, 1998.","journal-title":"Information Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"211548_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1109\/72.728364","volume":"9","author":"R. Sun","year":"1998","unstructured":"R. Sun and T. Peterson, \u201cAutonomous learning of sequential tasks: Experiments and analyses,\u201d IEEE Transaction on Neural Networks, vol. 9,no. 6, pp. 1217-1234, 1998.","journal-title":"IEEE Transaction on Neural Networks"},{"key":"211548_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.89.4.369","volume":"89","author":"J. Anderson","year":"1982","unstructured":"J. Anderson, \u201cAcquisition of cognitive skill,\u201d Psychological Review, vol. 89, pp. 369-406, 1982.","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"211548_CR28","volume-title":"Rules of the Mind","author":"J. Anderson","year":"1993","unstructured":"J. Anderson, Rules of the Mind, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Hillsdale, NJ, 1993."},{"key":"211548_CR29","volume-title":"The Atomic Components of Thought","author":"J. Anderson","year":"1998","unstructured":"J. Anderson and C. Lebiere, The Atomic Components of Thought, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Mahwah, NJ, 1998."},{"key":"211548_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2065.001.0001","volume-title":"Concepts, Kinds, and Cognitive Development","author":"F. Keil","year":"1989","unstructured":"F. Keil, Concepts, Kinds, and Cognitive Development, MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 1989."},{"key":"211548_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Damasio et al., \u201cNeural regionalization of knowledge access,\u201d Cold Spring Harbor Symp. on Quantitative Biology, CSHL Press, vol. LV, 1990.","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1990.055.01.098"},{"key":"211548_CR32","volume-title":"Integrating Rules and Connectionism for Robust Commonsense Reasoning","author":"R. Sun","year":"1994","unstructured":"R. Sun, Integrating Rules and Connectionism for Robust Commonsense Reasoning, John Wiley and Sons: New York, NY, 1994."},{"key":"211548_CR33","volume-title":"The Architecture of Cognition","author":"J. Anderson","year":"1983","unstructured":"J. Anderson, The Architecture of Cognition, Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, 1983."},{"key":"211548_CR34","volume-title":"Human Performance","author":"P. Fitts","year":"1967","unstructured":"P. Fitts and M. Posner, Human Performance, Brooks\/Cole, Monterey, CA, 1967."},{"key":"211548_CR35","volume-title":"Mind Over Machine","author":"H. Dreyfus","year":"1987","unstructured":"H. Dreyfus and S. Dreyfus, Mind Over Machine, The Free Press: New York, NY, 1987."},{"issue":"1","key":"211548_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00052432","volume":"11","author":"P. Smolensky","year":"1988","unstructured":"P. Smolensky, \u201cOn the proper treatment of connectionism,\u201d Behavioral and Brain Sciences, vol. 11,no. 1, pp. 1-74, 1988.","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"211548_CR37","volume-title":"The Principles of Psychology","author":"W. James","year":"1890","unstructured":"W. James, The Principles of Psychology, Dover: New York, 1890."},{"issue":"7","key":"211548_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(97)00050-6","volume":"10","author":"R. Sun","year":"1997","unstructured":"R. Sun, \u201cLearning, action, and consciousness: A hybrid approach towards modeling consciousness,\u201d Neural Networks, special issue on consciousness, vol. 10,no. 7, pp. 1317-1331, 1997.","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"211548_CR39","first-page":"1047","volume":"15","author":"D. Willingham","year":"1989","unstructured":"D. Willingham, M. Nissen, and P. Bullemer, \u201cOn the development of procedural knowledge,\u201d Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, vol. 15, pp. 1047-1060, 1989.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"issue":"2","key":"211548_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)00028-Y","volume":"75","author":"R. Sun","year":"1995","unstructured":"R. Sun, \u201cRobust reasoning: Integrating rule-based and similarity-based reasoning,\u201d Artificial Intelligence, vol. 75,no. 2, pp. 241-296, 1995.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"211548_CR41","first-page":"151","volume-title":"Proc. 10th IJCAI","author":"J. Hendler","year":"1987","unstructured":"J. Hendler, \u201cMarker passing and microfeature,\u201d in Proc. 10th IJCAI, Morgan Kaufmann: San Mateo, CA, 1987, pp. 151-154."},{"key":"211548_CR42","first-page":"193","volume-title":"Proc. IJCAI","author":"J. Gelfand","year":"1989","unstructured":"J. Gelfand, D. Handelman, and S. Lane, \u201cIntegrating knowledge-based systems and neural networks for robotic skill acquisition,\u201d in Proc. IJCAI, Morgan kaufmann: San Mateo, CA, 1989, pp. 193-198."},{"key":"211548_CR43","volume-title":"Architectures for Intelligence","author":"W. Schneider","year":"1991","unstructured":"W. Schneider and W. Oliver, \u201cAn instructable connectionist\/control architecture,\u201d in Architectures for Intelligence, edited by K. VanLehn, Erlbaum: Hillsdale, NJ, 1991."},{"key":"211548_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/1042-8143(92)90020-2","volume":"4","author":"R. Sun","year":"1992","unstructured":"R. Sun, \u201cA Connectionist model for commonsense reasoning incorporating rules and similarities,\u201d Knowledge Acquisition, vol. 4, pp. 293-321, 1992.","journal-title":"Knowledge Acquisition"},{"key":"211548_CR45","unstructured":"M. Erickson and J. Kruschke, Rules and Examplars in Category Learning, manuscript, 1997."},{"issue":"3","key":"211548_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.118.3.219","volume":"118","author":"A. Reber","year":"1989","unstructured":"A. Reber, \u201cImplicit learning and tacit knowledge,\u201d Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, vol. 118,no. 3, pp. 219-235, 1989.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"211548_CR47","unstructured":"R. Dominowski, How do People Discover Concepts?, manuscript, 1975."},{"key":"211548_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1103_3","volume":"11","author":"D. Medin","year":"1987","unstructured":"D. Medin, W. Wattenmaker, and R. Michalski, \u201cConstraints and preferences in inductive learning: An experimental study of human and machine performance,\u201d Cognitive Science, vol. 11, pp. 299-339, 1987.","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"211548_CR49","volume-title":"Learning with Delayed Rewards","author":"C. Watkins","year":"1989","unstructured":"C. Watkins, \u201cLearning with Delayed Rewards,\u201d Ph.D. Thesis, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK, 1989."},{"key":"211548_CR50","volume-title":"Neuro-Dynamic Programming","author":"D. Bertsekas","year":"1996","unstructured":"D. Bertsekas and J. Tsitsiklis, Neuro-Dynamic Programming, Athena Scientific: Belmont, MA, 1996."},{"key":"211548_CR51","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"R. Parr","year":"1997","unstructured":"R. Parr and S. Russell, \u201cReinforcement learning with hierarchies of machines,\u201d Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 1997."},{"key":"211548_CR52","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"D. Precup","year":"1998","unstructured":"D. Precup, R. Sutton, and S. Singh, \u201cMulti-time models for temporary abstract planning,\u201d Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 10, MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 1998."},{"key":"211548_CR53","first-page":"257","volume":"8","author":"T. Tesauro","year":"1992","unstructured":"T. Tesauro, \u201cPractical issues in temporal difference learning,\u201d Machine Learning, vol. 8, pp. 257-277, 1992.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"211548_CR54","first-page":"369","volume-title":"Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"J. Boyan","year":"1995","unstructured":"J. Boyan and A. Moore, \u201cGeneralization in reinforcement learning: Safely approximating the value function,\u201d in Neural Information Processing Systems, edited by J. Tesauro and D. Touretzky, and T. Leen, MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, pp. 369-376, 1995."},{"issue":"2","key":"211548_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/09540099208946607","volume":"4","author":"R. Sun","year":"1992","unstructured":"R. Sun, \u201cOn variable binding in connectionist networks,\u201d Connection Science, vol. 4,no. 2, pp. 93-124, 1992.","journal-title":"Connection Science"},{"key":"211548_CR56","unstructured":"L.M. Fu, \u201cRule learning by searching on adapted nets,\u201d in Proc. of AAAI'91, 1991, pp. 590-595."},{"key":"211548_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00974305","volume":"3","author":"R.C. Lacher","year":"1993","unstructured":"R.C. Lacher, \u201cExpert networks: Paradigmatic conflict, technological rapprochment,\u201d Minds and Machines, vol 3, pp. 53-71, 1993.","journal-title":"Minds and Machines"},{"issue":"1","key":"211548_CR58","first-page":"71","volume":"13","author":"G. Towell","year":"1993","unstructured":"G. Towell and J. Shavlik, \u201cExtracting refined rules from knowledge-based neural networks,\u201d Machine Learning, vol. 13,no. 1, pp. 71-101, 1993.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"211548_CR59","first-page":"1041","volume-title":"Proc. of AAAI-86","author":"R. Michalski","year":"1986","unstructured":"R. Michalski, I. Mozetic, J. Hong, and N. Lavrac, \u201cThe multipurpose incremental learning system AQ15,\u201d in Proc. of AAAI-86, Morgan Kaufmann: San Mateo, CA, 1986, pp. 1041-1045."},{"key":"211548_CR60","first-page":"315","volume-title":"Proc. Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior","author":"A. McCallum","year":"1996","unstructured":"A. McCallum, \u201cLearning to use selective attention and short-term memory in sequential tasks,\u201d in Proc. Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 1996, pp. 315-324."},{"issue":"2","key":"211548_CR61","first-page":"123","volume":"24","author":"L. Breiman","year":"1996","unstructured":"L. Breiman, \u201cBagging predictors,\u201d Machine Learning, vol. 24,no. 2, pp. 123-140, 1996.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"211548_CR62","first-page":"148","volume-title":"Proc. of ICML'97","author":"Y. Freund","year":"1996","unstructured":"Y. Freund and R. Schapire, \u201cExperiments with a new boosting algorithm,\u201d in Proc. of ICML'97, Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, 1996, pp. 148-156."},{"key":"211548_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(91)90053-M","volume":"47","author":"R. Brooks","year":"1991","unstructured":"R. Brooks, \u201cIntelligence without representation,\u201d Artificial Intelligence, vol. 47, pp. 139-160, 1991.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"211548_CR64","first-page":"358","volume-title":"Proc. International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"P. Tadepalli","year":"1997","unstructured":"P. Tadepalli and T. Dietterich, \u201cHierarchical explanation-based reinforcement learning,\u201d in Proc. International Conference on Machine Learning, Morgan Kaufmann: San Francisco, CA, 1997, pp. 358-366."},{"key":"211548_CR65","volume-title":"User's Guide to the Navigation and Collision Avoidance Task","author":"D. Gordon","year":"1994","unstructured":"D. Gordon, A. Schultz, J. Grefenstette, J. Ballas, and M. Perez, User's Guide to the Navigation and Collision Avoidance Task, Naval Research Lab, Washington, DC, 1994."},{"key":"211548_CR66","first-page":"1037","volume-title":"Proc. of 20th Cognitive Science Society Conference","author":"R. Sun","year":"1998","unstructured":"R. Sun, E. Merrill, and T. Peterson, \u201cA bottom-up model of skill learning,\u201d in Proc. of 20th Cognitive Science Society Conference, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Mahwah, NJ, pp. 1037-1042, 1998."},{"key":"211548_CR67","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Proc. of The Second European Conference on Cognitive Modeling","author":"R. Sun","year":"1998","unstructured":"R. Sun, E. Merrill, and T. Peterson, \u201cSkill learning using a bottom-up hybrid model,\u201d in Proc. of The Second European Conference on Cognitive Modeling, Nottingham University Press: Nottingham, UK, pp. 23-29, April 1998."},{"key":"211548_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674866270","volume-title":"Categories and Concepts","author":"E. Smith","year":"1981","unstructured":"E. Smith and D. Medin, Categories and Concepts, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981."},{"key":"211548_CR69","volume-title":"Cognition and Categorization","author":"E. Rosch","year":"1978","unstructured":"E. Rosch, \u201cPrinciples of categorization,\u201d in Cognition and Categorization, edited by E. Rosch and B. Lloyd, Erlbaum: Hillsdale, NJ, 1978."},{"key":"211548_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.93","volume":"3","author":"C. Giraud-Carrier","year":"1995","unstructured":"C. Giraud-Carrier and T. Martinez, \u201cAn integrated framework for learning and reasoning,\u201d Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, vol. 3, pp. 147-185, 1995.","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research"},{"key":"211548_CR71","volume-title":"Proc. of Conf. on Simulation of Adaptive Behaviors","author":"D. Waltz","year":"1991","unstructured":"D. Waltz, \u201cHow to build a robot,\u201d in Proc. of Conf. on Simulation of Adaptive Behaviors, edited by S. Wilson, MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 1991."},{"key":"211548_CR72","first-page":"1037","volume-title":"Proc. of 20th Cognitive Science Society Conference","author":"R. Sun","year":"1998","unstructured":"R. Sun, E. Merrill, and T. Peterson, \u201cA bottom-up model of skill learning,\u201d in Proc. of 20th Cognitive Science Society Conference, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Mahwah, NJ, pp. 1037-1042, 1998."},{"key":"211548_CR73","first-page":"103","volume":"2","author":"M. Lebowitz","year":"1987","unstructured":"M. Lebowitz, \u201cExperiments with incremental concept formation: UNIMEM,\u201d Machine Learning, vol. 2, pp. 103-138, 1987.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"211548_CR74","first-page":"139","volume":"2","author":"D. Fisher","year":"1987","unstructured":"D. Fisher, \u201cKnowledge acquisition via incremental conceptual clustering,\u201d Machine Learning, vol. 2, pp. 139-172, 1987.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"211548_CR75","volume-title":"Machine Learning","author":"R. Stepp","year":"1983","unstructured":"R. Stepp and R. Michalski, \u201cConceptual clustering,\u201d in Machine Learning, II, edited by R. Michalski et al., Morgan Kaufmann: Los Altos, CA Stepp and Michalski (1983)."},{"key":"211548_CR76","first-page":"143","volume":"12","author":"W. Shen","year":"1993","unstructured":"W. Shen, \u201cDiscovery as autonomous learning from the environment,\u201d Machine Learning, vol. 12, pp. 143-165, 1993.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"211548_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1802_2","volume":"18","author":"E. Wisniewski","year":"1994","unstructured":"E. Wisniewski and D. Medin, \u201cOn the interaction of data and theory in concept learning,\u201d Cognitive Science, vol. 18, pp. 221-281, 1994.","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"211548_CR78","volume-title":"Similarity and Analogical Reasoning","author":"L. Rips","year":"1989","unstructured":"L. Rips, \u201cSimilarity, typicality, and categorization,\u201d in Similarity and Analogical Reasoning, edited by S. Vosniadou and A. Ortony, Cambridge University Press: New York, NY, 1989."},{"key":"211548_CR79","unstructured":"R. Andrews and J. Diederich (Eds.), Proceedings of the NIPS'96 Workshop on Rule Extraction From Trained Artificial Neural Networks, NIPS Foundation, 1996."},{"issue":"3","key":"211548_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1503_2","volume":"15","author":"R. Miikkulainen","year":"1991","unstructured":"R. Miikkulainen and M. Dyer, \u201cNatural language processing with modular PDP networks and distributed lexicons,\u201d Cognitive Science, vol. 15,no. 3, pp. 343-399, 1991.","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"211548_CR81","first-page":"271","volume-title":"Proc. of 18th Cognitive Science Conference","author":"D. Gordon","year":"1997","unstructured":"D. Gordon and D. Subramanian, \u201cA cognitive model of learning to navigate,\u201d in Proc. of 18th Cognitive Science Conference, Lawrence Erlbaum: Mahwah, NJ, 1997, pp. 271-276."},{"key":"211548_CR82","volume-title":"Connectionist-Symbolic Integration","author":"T. Johnson","year":"1998","unstructured":"T. Johnson, J. Zhang, and H. Wang, \u201cA hybrid learning model of abductive reasoning,\u201d in Connectionist-Symbolic Integration, edited by R. Sun and F. Alexandre, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Mahwah, NJ, 1998."},{"key":"211548_CR83","series-title":"Tech. Report","volume-title":"From simple association to systematic reasoning","author":"V. Ajjanagadde","year":"1990","unstructured":"V. Ajjanagadde and L. Shastri, \u201cFrom simple association to systematic reasoning,\u201d Tech. Report MS-CIS-90-05, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 1990."},{"key":"211548_CR84","first-page":"503","volume-title":"Proc. 10th Conference of Cognitive Science Society","author":"J. Barnden","year":"1988","unstructured":"J. Barnden, \u201cThe right of free association: Relative-position encoding for connectionist data structures,\u201d in Proc. 10th Conference of Cognitive Science Society, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 503-509, 1988."},{"key":"211548_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.99.1.22","volume":"99","author":"J. Kruschke","year":"1992","unstructured":"J. Kruschke, \u201cALCOVE: an examples-based connectionist model of category learning,\u201d Psychological Review, vol. 99, pp. 22-44, 1992.","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"211548_CR86","unstructured":"D. Touretzky and G. Hinton, \u201cSymbols among neurons,\u201d in Proc. 9th IJCAI, Morgan Kaufmann, 1987, pp. 238-243."},{"key":"211548_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C.L. Giles and M. Gori, \u201cAdaptive processing of sequences and data structures,\u201d Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, Springer Verlag, 1998.","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0053992"},{"key":"211548_CR88","first-page":"503","volume-title":"Proc. 10th Conference of Cognitive Science Society","author":"J. Barnden","year":"1988","unstructured":"J. Barnden, \u201cThe right of free association: Relative-position encoding for connectionist data structures,\u201d in Proc. 10th Conference of Cognitive Science Society, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 503-509, 1988."},{"key":"211548_CR89","first-page":"809","volume-title":"Proc. AAAI","author":"E. Gat","year":"1992","unstructured":"E. Gat, \u201cIntegrating planning and reacting in a heterogeneous architecture,\u201d in Proc. AAAI, Morgan Kaufmann: San Mateo, CA, 1992, pp. 809-815."},{"key":"211548_CR90","volume-title":"Architectures for Intelligence","author":"W. Schneider","year":"1991","unstructured":"W. Schneider and W. Oliver, \u201cAn instructable connectionist\/control architecture,\u201d in Architectures for Intelligence, edited by K. VanLehn, Erlbaum: Hillsdale, NJ, 1991."},{"key":"211548_CR91","volume-title":"Proc. of AAAI-94","author":"R. Maclin","year":"1994","unstructured":"R. Maclin and J. Shavlik, \u201cIncorporating advice into agents that learn from reinforcements,\u201d in Proc. of AAAI-94, Morgan Kaufmann: San Meteo, CA, 1994."},{"key":"211548_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4378.001.0001","volume-title":"Made-up Minds","author":"G. Drescher","year":"1991","unstructured":"G. Drescher, Made-up Minds, MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 1991."},{"key":"211548_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1986.tb01979.x","volume":"77","author":"D. Broadbent","year":"1986","unstructured":"D. Broadbent, P. Fitsgerald, and M. Broadbent, \u201cImplicit and explicit knowledge in the control of complex systems,\u201d British Journal of Psychology, vol. 77, pp. 33-50, 1986.","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"211548_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.95.4.492","volume":"95","author":"G. Logan","year":"1988","unstructured":"G. Logan, \u201cToward an instance theory of automatization,\u201d Psychological Review, vol. 95,no. 4, pp. 492-527, 1988.","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"211548_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1080\/14640748908402382","volume":"41A","author":"W. Stanley","year":"1989","unstructured":"W. Stanley, R. Mathews, R. Buss, and S. Kotler-Cope, \u201cInsight without awareness: On the interaction of verbalization, instruction and practice in a simulated process control task,\u201d Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, vol. 41A,no. 3, pp. 553-577, 1989.","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"211548_CR96","first-page":"331","volume":"17","author":"D. Gordon","year":"1993","unstructured":"D. Gordon and D. Subramanian, \u201cA multistrategy learning scheme for agent knowledge acquisition,\u201d Informatica, vol. 17, pp. 331-346, 1993.","journal-title":"Informatica"},{"key":"211548_CR97","volume-title":"Animal Intelligence","author":"E. Thorndike","year":"1911","unstructured":"E. Thorndike, Animal Intelligence, Hafner: Darien, Connecticutt, 1911."},{"key":"211548_CR98","first-page":"513","volume-title":"Annual Review of Psychology","author":"K. VanLehn","year":"1996","unstructured":"K. VanLehn, \u201cCognitive skill acquisition,\u201d in Annual Review of Psychology, edited by J. Spence, J. Darly, and D. Foss, Annual Reviews, Palo Alto, CA, vol. 47, pp. 513-539, 1996."},{"key":"211548_CR99","first-page":"45","volume":"7","author":"S. Whitehead","year":"1991","unstructured":"S. Whitehead and D. Ballard, \u201cLearning to perceive and act by trial and error,\u201d Artificial Intelligence, vol. 7, pp. 45-83, 1991.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"211548_CR100","first-page":"502","volume-title":"Proc.of 4th Workshop on Machine Learning","author":"J. Schlimmer","year":"1987","unstructured":"J. Schlimmer, \u201cIncremental adjustment of representations for learning,\u201d in Proc.of 4th Workshop on Machine Learning, Morgan Kaufmann: San Mateo, CA, pp. 502-507, 1987."},{"key":"211548_CR101","volume-title":"Designing Autonomous Agents","author":"P. Agre","year":"1990","unstructured":"P. Agre and D. Chapman, \u201cWhat are plans for?,\u201d in Designing Autonomous Agents, edited by P. Maes, Elsevier: New York, 1990."},{"key":"211548_CR102","unstructured":"A. Barto, R. Sutton, and C. Watkins, \u201cLearning and sequential decision-making,\u201d in Learning and Computational Neuroscience, edited by M. Gabriel and J. Moors, MIT Press: Cambridge, MA."},{"issue":"2","key":"211548_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-4388(92)90011-9","volume":"2","author":"J. LeDoux","year":"1992","unstructured":"J. LeDoux, \u201cBrain mechanisms of emotion and emotional learning,\u201d Current Opinion in Neurobiology, vol. 2,no. 2, pp. 191-197, 1992","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"211548_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.2.127","volume":"84","author":"R. Shiffrin","year":"1977","unstructured":"R. Shiffrin and W. Schneider, \u201cControlled and automatic human information processing II,\u201d Psychological Review, vol. 84, pp. 127-190, 1977.","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"211548_CR105","volume-title":"Machine Learning","author":"R. Stepp","year":"1986","unstructured":"R. Stepp and R. Michalski, \u201cConceptual clustering,\u201d in Machine Learning, II, edited by R. Michalski et al., Morgan Kaufmann: Los Altos, CA, 1986."},{"volume-title":"Computational Architectures Integrating Neural and Symbolic Processes","year":"1994","key":"211548_CR106","unstructured":"R. Sun and L. Bookman (Eds.), Computational Architectures Integrating Neural and Symbolic Processes, Kluwer Academic Publishers: Norwell, MA, 1994."},{"key":"211548_CR107","unstructured":"D. Touretzky and G. Hinton, \u201cSymbols among neurons,\u201d in Proc. 9th IJCAI, Morgan Kaufmann, 1987, pp. 238-243."},{"key":"211548_CR108","first-page":"1","volume":"15","author":"K. VanLehn","year":"1991","unstructured":"K. VanLehn, \u201cRule acquisiton events in the discovery of problem-solving strategies,\u201d Cognitive Science, vol. 15, pp. 1-47, 1991.","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"s.1\u20132","key":"211548_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)00012-P","volume":"73","author":"S. Whitehead","year":"1995","unstructured":"S. Whitehead and L. Lin, \u201cReinforcement learning of non-Markov decision processes,\u201d Artificial Intelligence, vol. 73,nos. 1\u20132, pp. 271-306, 1995.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"}],"container-title":["Applied Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1008332731824.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1008332731824\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1008332731824.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]],"date-time":"2025-05-18T14:58:05Z","timestamp":1747580285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1023\/A:1008332731824"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]}},"alternative-id":["211548"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1008332731824","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-669X","1573-7497"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0924-669X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-7497"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,7]]}}}