{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T08:39:22Z","timestamp":1774255162059,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,1]],"date-time":"1999-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":920246400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,1]],"date-time":"1999-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":920246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["GeoInformatica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]},"DOI":"10.1023\/a:1009800916313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,22]],"date-time":"2002-12-22T18:53:29Z","timestamp":1040583209000},"page":"61-99","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":140,"title":["Survey of Spatio-Temporal Databases"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Tamas","family":"Abraham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"John F.","family":"Roddick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"203111_CR1","unstructured":"D.J. Abel. \u201cWhat's Special about Spatial?,\u201d Proc. of the 7th Australian Database Conference, Melbourne, Australia, 72\u201381, 1996."},{"key":"203111_CR2","unstructured":"T. Abraham and J.F. Roddick. \u201cDiscovering Meta-Rules in Mining Temporal and Spatio-Temporal Data,\u201d Proc. of the 8th International Database Workshop, Hong Kong, 1997."},{"key":"203111_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Abraham and J.F. Roddick. \u201cOpportunities for Knowledge Discovery in Spatio-Temporal Information Systems,\u201d Australian Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 5:3\u201312, AJIS Publishing, 1998.","DOI":"10.3127\/ajis.v5i2.338"},{"key":"203111_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1145\/182.358434","volume":"26","author":"J.F. Allen","year":"1983","unstructured":"J.F. Allen. \u201cMaintaining Knowledge about Temporal Intervals,\u201d Communications of the ACM, Vol. 26:832\u2013843, 1983.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"203111_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Allen, G. Edwards, and Y. B\u00e9dard. \u201cQualitative Causal Modeling in Temporal GIS,\u201d In Frank, A.U. and Kuhn, W., editors, Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 988, Springer-Verlag, 1995.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-60392-1_26"},{"key":"203111_CR6","unstructured":"K.K. Al-Taha and R. Barrera. \u201cTemporal Data and GIS: An Overview,\u201d Proc. of GIS\/LIS 90, Anaheim, California, 1990."},{"key":"203111_CR7","unstructured":"C. Armenakis. \u201cEstimation and Organization of Spatio-Temporal Data,\u201d Proc. of the Canadian Conference on GIS 92, Ottawa, Canada, 1992."},{"key":"203111_CR8","unstructured":"M.P. Armstrong. \u201cTemporality in Spatial Databases,\u201d Proc. of GIS\/LIS 88, San Antonio, Texas, 1988."},{"key":"203111_CR9","volume-title":"A Concept Formation and Function Specification for Streams","author":"V. Asproth","year":"1994","unstructured":"V. Asproth and A. Haakansson. A Concept Formation and Function Specification for Streams. Stockholm University, Sweden, 1994."},{"key":"203111_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-9715(95)00010-6","volume":"19","author":"V. Asproth","year":"1995","unstructured":"V. Asproth, A. Haakansson and P. R\u00e9vay. \u201cDynamic Information in GIS Systems,\u201d Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, Vol. 19:107\u2013115, 1995.","journal-title":"Computers, Environment and Urban Systems"},{"key":"203111_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1145\/126482.126492","volume":"20","author":"R. Barrera","year":"1991","unstructured":"R. Barrera, A. Frank, and K. Al-Taha. \u201cTemporal Relations in Geographic Information Systems: A Workshop at the University of Maine,\u201d SIGMOD Record, Vol. 20:85\u201391, 1991.","journal-title":"SIGMOD Record"},{"key":"203111_CR12","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"U. Basoglu","year":"1978","unstructured":"U. Basoglu and J.L. Morrison. \u201cAn Efficient Hierarchical Data Structure for the U.S. Historical County Boundary Data File,\u201d Harvard Papers on GIS, Vol. 4:1\u201321, 1978.","journal-title":"Harvard Papers on GIS"},{"key":"203111_CR13","unstructured":"A. Beller. \u201cSpatial\/Temporal Events in a GIS,\u201d Proc. of GIS\/LIS 91, Atlanta, Georgia, 1991."},{"key":"203111_CR14","unstructured":"A. Beller, T. Giblin, K.V. Le, S. Litz, T. Kittel, and D. Schimel. \u201cA Temporal GIS Prototype for Global Change Research,\u201d Proc. of GIS\/LIS 91, Atlanta, Georgia, 1991."},{"key":"203111_CR15","volume-title":"Algorithms for Klee's Rectangle Problems","author":"J.L. Bentley","year":"1977","unstructured":"J.L. Bentley. \u201cAlgorithms for Klee's Rectangle Problems,\u201d Computer Science Department, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1977."},{"key":"203111_CR16","unstructured":"F. Bonfatti and P.D. Monari. \u201cSpatio-Temporal Modeling of Complex Geographical Structures,\u201d Computer Support for Environmental Impact Assessment: Proceedings of the IFIP TC5\/WG5.11 Working Conference on Computer Support for Environmental Assessment, CSEIA 93, Como, Italy, Elsevier, 1994."},{"key":"203111_CR17","unstructured":"W.M. Brown, M. Astley, T. Baker, and H. Mitasova. \u201cGRASS as an Integrated GIS and Visualization System for Spatio-Temporal Modeling,\u201d ACSM\/ASPRS Annual Convention and Exposition Technical Papers, 1995."},{"key":"203111_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01202368","volume":"10","author":"W. Cellary","year":"1994","unstructured":"W. Cellary, G. Vossen, and G. Jomier. \u201cMultiversion Object Constellations: A New Approach to Support a Designer's Database Work,\u201d Engineering with Computers, Vol. 10:230\u2013244, 1994.","journal-title":"Engineering with Computers"},{"key":"203111_CR19","unstructured":"N.R. Chrisman. \u201cBeyond Spatio-Temporal Data Models: A Model of GIS as a Technology Embedded in Historical Context,\u201d Proc. of Auto-Carto 11, Minneapolis, 1993."},{"key":"203111_CR20","volume-title":"Research & Development in Expert Systems, Proc. of Expert Systems 94","author":"F. Coenen","year":"1994","unstructured":"F. Coenen, B. Beattie, B. Diaz, T. Bench-Capon, and M. Shave. \u201cA Temporal Calculus for GIS using Tesseral Addressing,\u201d Research & Development in Expert Systems, Proc. of Expert Systems 94, Cambridge, England, British Computer Society Press, 1994."},{"key":"203111_CR21","unstructured":"B.E. Davis and R. Williams. \u201cThe Five Dimensions of GIS,\u201d Proc. of GIS\/LIS 89, Orlando, Florida, 1989."},{"key":"203111_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Dutta. \u201cTopological Constraints: A Representational Framework for Approximate Spatial and Temporal Reasoning,\u201d In Gunther, O. and Schek, H.-J., editors, Advances in Spatial Databases, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 525, Springer-Verlag, 1991.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-54414-3_37"},{"key":"203111_CR23","unstructured":"M. Easterfield, R.G. Newell, and D. Theriault. \u201cModeling Spatial and Temporal Information,\u201d Proc. of EGIS 91, 1991."},{"key":"203111_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/02693799108927841","volume":"5","author":"M.J. Egenhofer","year":"1991","unstructured":"M.J. Egenhofer and R.D. Franzosa. \u201cPoint-set Topological Spatial Relations,\u201d Int. Journal of Geographical Information Systems, Vol. 5:161\u2013174, 1991.","journal-title":"Int. Journal of Geographical Information Systems"},{"key":"203111_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.J. Egenhofer and K.K. Al-Taha. \u201cReasoning about Gradual Changes of Topological Relationships,\u201d In Frank, A., editor, Theories and Methods of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Space, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 639, Springer Verlag, 1992.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-55966-3_12"},{"key":"203111_CR26","unstructured":"M.J. Egenhofer and R.J. Golledge. \u201cTime in Geographic Space: Report on the Specialist Meeting of Research Initiative 10,\u201d NCGIA Technical Papers Series 94\u20139, The National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, 1994."},{"key":"203111_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195103427.001.0001","volume-title":"Spatial and Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Information Systems","author":"M.J. Egenhofer","year":"1998","unstructured":"M.J. Egenhofer and R.J. Golledge. Spatial and Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Information Systems, Oxford University Press, New York, 1998."},{"key":"203111_CR28","volume-title":"Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining","author":"U.M. Fayyad","year":"1995","unstructured":"U.M. Fayyad, G. Piatetsky-Shapiro, P. Smyth, and R. Uthurusamy. Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, AAAI Press\/MIT Press, Menlo Park, 1995."},{"key":"203111_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/1045-926X(92)90007-9","volume":"3","author":"A.U. Frank","year":"1992","unstructured":"A.U. Frank. \u201cQualitative Spatial Reasoning about Distances and Directions in Geographic Space,\u201d Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, Vol. 3:343\u2013371, 1992.","journal-title":"Journal of Visual Languages and Computing"},{"key":"203111_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Frank, editor. Theories and Methods of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Space, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 639, Springer Verlag, 1992.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-55966-3"},{"key":"203111_CR31","unstructured":"A.U. Frank. \u201cQualitative Temporal Reasoning in GIS \u2014 Ordered Time Scales,\u201d In Waugh, T.C. and Healy, R.G., editors, Advances in GIS Research, Proceedings of the 6th Int. Symp. on Spatial Data Handling, Taylor & Francis, 1994."},{"key":"203111_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(92)90090-K","volume":"54","author":"C. Freksa","year":"1992","unstructured":"C. Freksa. \u201cTemporal Reasoning based on Semi-Intervals,\u201d Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 54:199\u2013227, 1992.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"203111_CR33","unstructured":"D. Gabbay and P. McBrien. \u201cTemporal Logic & Historical Databases,\u201d Proc. of the 17th International Conference on Very Large Databases, Barcelona, Spain, 1991."},{"key":"203111_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1145\/122058.122065","volume":"19","author":"O. Guenther","year":"1990","unstructured":"O. Guenther and A. Buchmann. \u201cResearch Issues in Spatial Databases,\u201d SIGMOD Record, Vol. 19:61\u201368, 1990.","journal-title":"SIGMOD Record"},{"key":"203111_CR35","series-title":"Technical Report","volume-title":"Spatial Reasoning Based on Allen's Temporal Logic","author":"H.W. Guesgen","year":"1989","unstructured":"H.W. Guesgen. \u201cSpatial Reasoning Based on Allen's Temporal Logic,\u201d Technical Report TR\u201389\u2013049, International Computer Science Institute, Berkeley, California, 1989."},{"key":"203111_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01231602","volume":"3","author":"R.H. G\u00fcting","year":"1994","unstructured":"R.H. G\u00fcting. \u201cAn Introduction to Spatial Database Systems,\u201d VLDB Journal, Vol. 3:357\u2013399, 1994.","journal-title":"VLDB Journal"},{"key":"203111_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Guttman. \u201cR-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for Spatial Searching,\u201d Proc. of ACM SIGMOD Int. Conf. on Management of Data, Boston, Massachusetts, 1984.","DOI":"10.1145\/602264.602266"},{"key":"203111_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N.I. Hachem, M.A. Gennert, and M.O. Ward. \u201cA DBMS Architecture for Global Change Research,\u201d Proc. of ISY Conf. on Earth and Space Science, Pasadena, California, 1992.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.44450"},{"key":"203111_CR39","unstructured":"J.N. Halls, D.J. Cowen, and J.R. Jensen. \u201cPredictive Spatio-Temporal Modeling in GIS,\u201d In Waugh, T.C. and Healy, R.G., editors, Advances in GIS Research, Proceedings of the 6th Int. Symp. on Spatial Data Handling, Taylor & Francis, 1994."},{"key":"203111_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Han. \u201cData Mining Techniques,\u201d Proc. ACM-SIGMOD 96 Conference, 1996.","DOI":"10.1145\/233269.280351"},{"key":"203111_CR41","unstructured":"N.W.J. Hazelton. \u201cBeyond the 2-D Map: A New Metaphor for Multi-Temporal 4-D GIS,\u201d Proc. of GIS\/LIS 92, San Jose, California, 1992."},{"key":"203111_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-9715(92)90035-P","volume":"16","author":"N.W.J. Hazelton","year":"1992","unstructured":"N.W.J. Hazelton, L.M. Bennett, and J. Masel. \u201cTopological Structures for 4-Dimensional Geographic Information Systems,\u201d Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, Vol. 16:227\u2013237, 1992.","journal-title":"Computers, Environment and Urban Systems"},{"key":"203111_CR43","unstructured":"M.J. Herbert and D.B. Kidner. \u201cSpatial and Temporal Visualization of Three-Dimensional Surfaces for Environmental Management,\u201d Proc. of Auto-Carto 11, Minneapolis, 1993."},{"key":"203111_CR44","unstructured":"L.H. Hermosilla. \u201cA Unified Approach for Developing a Temporal GIS with Database and Reasoning Capabilities,\u201d Proc. of EGIS 94, The 5th European Conference and Exhibition on Geographical Information Systems, Paris, France, 1994."},{"key":"203111_CR45","unstructured":"S.C. Holmberg. \u201cDML, a Map Language for Dynamics,\u201d Proc. of EGIS 94, The 5th European Conference and Exhibition on Geographical Information Systems, Paris, France, 1994."},{"key":"203111_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/02693798808927901","volume":"2","author":"G.J. Hunter","year":"1988","unstructured":"G.J. Hunter. \u201cNon-current Data and Geographical Information Systems A Case for Data Retention,\u201d Int. Journal of Geographical Information Systems, Vol. 2:281\u2013286, 1988.","journal-title":"Int. Journal of Geographical Information Systems"},{"key":"203111_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/02693799008941538","volume":"4","author":"G.J. Hunter","year":"1990","unstructured":"G.J. Hunter and I.P. Williamson. \u201cThe Development of a Historical Digital Cadastral Database,\u201d Int. Journal of Geographical Information Systems, Vol. 4:169\u2013179, 1990.","journal-title":"Int. Journal of Geographical Information Systems"},{"key":"203111_CR48","unstructured":"F. Joerin and C. Claramunt. \u201cIntegrating the Time Component in a GIS: An Application to Assess Flooding Impacts on Agriculture,\u201d Proc. of EGIS 94, The 5th European Conference and Exhibition on Geographical Information Systems, Paris, France, 1994."},{"key":"203111_CR49","unstructured":"W. Kainz. \u201cSpatial Relationships \u2014 Topology versus Order,\u201d Proc. of Fourth Int. Symp. on Spatial Data Handling, Z\u00fcrich, 1990."},{"key":"203111_CR50","unstructured":"Z. Kemp and A. Kowalczyk. \u201cIncorporating the Temporal Dimension in a GIS,\u201d In Worboys, M.F., editor, Innovations in GIS, Taylor & Francis, 1994."},{"key":"203111_CR51","unstructured":"Z. Kemp and J. Groom. \u201cIncorporating Generic Temporal Capabilities in a Geographical Information System,\u201d Proc. of EGIS 94, The 5th European Conference and Exhibition on Geographical Information Systems, Paris, France, 1994."},{"key":"203111_CR52","unstructured":"I.J. Koeppel and S.D. Ahlmer. \u201cIntegrating the Dimension of Time into AM\/FM Systems,\u201d Proc. of AM\/FM XVI Int. Annual Conference, Aurora, Colorado, 1993."},{"key":"203111_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C.P. Kolovson and M. Stonebraker. \u201cSegment Indexes: Dynamic Indexing Techniques for Multi-Dimensional Interval Data,\u201d Proc. of ACM-SIGMOD 1991, 1991.","DOI":"10.1145\/115790.115807"},{"key":"203111_CR54","unstructured":"C.P. Kolovson. \u201cIndexing Techniques for Historical Databases,\u201d In Tansel et al., editors, Temporal Databases \u2014 Theory, Design, and Implementation, Benjamin\/Cummings, 1993."},{"key":"203111_CR55","unstructured":"K. Koperski, J. Adhikary, and J. Han. \u201cSpatial Data Mining: Progress and Challenges Survey Paper,\u201d Proc. 1996 SIGMOD Workshop on Research Issues on Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, Montreal, Canada, 1996."},{"key":"203111_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1179\/caj.1992.29.2.101","volume":"29","author":"A. Koussoulakou","year":"1992","unstructured":"A. Koussoulakou and M.J. Kraak. \u201cSpatio-Temporal Maps and Cartographic Communication,\u201d The Cartographic Journal, Vol. 29:101\u2013108, 1992.","journal-title":"The Cartographic Journal"},{"key":"203111_CR57","unstructured":"M.J. Kraak and A.M. MacEachren. \u201cVisualization of the Temporal Component of Spatial Data,\u201d Advances in GIS Research, Proc. of the 6th Int. Symp. on Spatial Data Handling, Taylor & Francis, 1994."},{"key":"203111_CR58","unstructured":"G. Langran. \u201cTemporal GIS Design Tradeoffs,\u201d Proceedings of GIS\/LIS 88, San Antonio, Texas, 1988."},{"key":"203111_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3138\/K877-7273-2238-5Q6V","volume":"25","author":"G. Langran","year":"1988","unstructured":"G. Langran and N.R. Chrisman. \u201cA Framework for Temporal Geographic Information,\u201d Cartographica, Vol. 25:1\u201314, 1988.","journal-title":"Cartographica"},{"key":"203111_CR60","first-page":"16","volume":"2","author":"G. Langran","year":"1990","unstructured":"G. Langran. \u201cTemporal GIS Design Tradeoffs,\u201d Journal of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association, Vol. 2:16\u201325, 1990.","journal-title":"Journal of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association"},{"key":"203111_CR61","unstructured":"G. Langran. \u201cStates, Events, and Evidence: The Principle Entities of a Temporal GIS,\u201d Proc. of GIS\/LIS 92, San Jose, California, 1992."},{"key":"203111_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Langran. Time in Geographic Information Systems. Taylor & Francis, 1992.","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049209354371"},{"key":"203111_CR63","unstructured":"G. Langran. \u201cManipulation and Analysis of Temporal Geographic Information,\u201d Proc. of the Canadian Conference on GIS 93, Ottawa, Canada, 1993."},{"key":"203111_CR64","unstructured":"G. Langram. \u201cAnalyzing and Generalizing Temporal Geographic Information,\u201d Proc. of GIS\/LIS 93, Minneapolis, Minnesota, November 1993."},{"key":"203111_CR65","unstructured":"D.M. Mark, M.J. Egenhofer, and A.R.M. Shariff. \u201cToward a Standard for Spatial Relations in SDTS and Geographic Information Systems,\u201d Proc. of GIS\/LIS 95, Nashville, Tennessee, 1995."},{"key":"203111_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1145\/181550.181566","volume":"23","author":"C.B. Medeiros","year":"1994","unstructured":"C.B. Medeiros and F. Pires. \u201cDatabases for GIS,\u201d SIGMOD Record, Vol. 23:107\u2013115, 1994.","journal-title":"SIGMOD Record"},{"key":"203111_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C.B. Medeiros and G. Jomier. \u201cUsing Versions in GIS,\u201d Proc. of DEXA 94, 1994.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-58435-8_211"},{"key":"203111_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1080\/02693799508902048","volume":"9","author":"H. Mitasova","year":"1995","unstructured":"H. Mitasova, L. Mitas, W.M. Brown, D.P. Gerdes, I. Kosinovsky, and T. Baker. \u201cModeling Spatially and Temporally Distributed Phenomena: New Methods and Tools for GRASS GIS,\u201d Int. Journal of Geographical Information Systems, Vol. 9:433\u2013446, 1995.","journal-title":"Int. Journal of Geographical Information Systems"},{"key":"203111_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3138\/U558-H737-6577-8U31","volume":"27","author":"M. Monmonier","year":"1990","unstructured":"M. Monmonier. \u201cStrategies for the Visualization of Geographic Time-Series Data,\u201d Cartographica, Vol. 27:30\u201345, 1990.","journal-title":"Cartographica"},{"key":"203111_CR70","unstructured":"P.C. Muehrcke. Map Use, JP Publications, 1978."},{"key":"203111_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Muntz, E. Shek, and C. Zaniolo. \u201cUsing LDL + + for Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Atmospheric Science Databases,\u201d In Ramakrishnan, R., editor, Applications of Logic Databases, Kluwer Academic, 1995.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2207-2_5"},{"key":"203111_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Paredaens. \u201cSpatial Databases, The Final Frontier,\u201d In Gottlob, G., and Vardi, M.Y., editors, Database Theory, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 893, Springer-Verlag, 1995.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-58907-4_2"},{"key":"203111_CR73","unstructured":"D.J. Peuquet and E. Wentz. \u201cAn Approach for Time-Based Analysis of Spatiotemporal Data,\u201d In Waugh, T.C. and Healy, R.G., editors, Advances in GIS Research, Proceedings of the 6th Int. Symp. on Spatial Data Handling, Taylor & Francis, 1994."},{"key":"203111_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/02693799508902022","volume":"9","author":"D.J. Peuquet","year":"1995","unstructured":"D.J. Peuquet and N. Duan. \u201cAn Event-Based Spatiotemporal Data Model (ESTDM) for Temporal Analysis of Geographical Data,\u201d Int. Journal of Geographical Information Systems, Vol. 9:7\u201324, 1995.","journal-title":"Int. Journal of Geographical Information Systems"},{"key":"203111_CR75","volume-title":"Knowledge Discovery in Databases","author":"G. Piatetsky-Shapiro","year":"1991","unstructured":"G. Piatetsky-Shapiro and W.J. Frawley. Knowledge Discovery in Databases, AAAI Press\/MIT Press, Menlo Park, 1991."},{"key":"203111_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/02693798908941510","volume":"3","author":"S. Price","year":"1989","unstructured":"S. Price. \u201cModeling the Temporal Element in Land Information Systems,\u201d Int. Journal of Geographical Information Systems, Vol. 3:233\u2013243, 1989.","journal-title":"Int. Journal of Geographical Information Systems"},{"key":"203111_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1109\/36.135827","volume":"29","author":"H.M. Rafaat","year":"1991","unstructured":"H.M. Rafaat, Q. Xiao and D.A. Gauthier. \u201cAn Extended Relational Database for Remotely Sensed Image Data Management within GIS,\u201d IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 29:651\u2013655, 1991.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing"},{"key":"203111_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/02693799408901992","volume":"8","author":"H.M. Rafaat","year":"1994","unstructured":"H.M. Rafaat, Z. Yang, and D. Gauthier. \u201cRelational Spatial Topologies for Historical Geographical Information,\u201d Int. Journal of Geographical Information Systems, Vol. 8:163\u2013173, 1994.","journal-title":"Int. Journal of Geographical Information Systems"},{"key":"203111_CR79","unstructured":"C.P. Rainsford and J.F. Roddick. \u201cA Survey of Issues in Data Mining,\u201d Technical Report CIS\u201396\u2013006, University of South Australia, 1996."},{"key":"203111_CR80","unstructured":"B. Ramachandran, F. MacLeod, and S. Dowers. \u201cModeling Temporal Changes in a GIS Using an Object-Oriented Approach,\u201d In Waugh, T.C. and Healy, R.G., editors, Advances in GIS Research, Proceedings of the 6th Int. Symp. on Spatial Data Handling, Taylor & Francis, 1994."},{"key":"203111_CR81","unstructured":"J. Raper. \u201cMaking GIS Multidimensional,\u201d Proceedings of the Joint European Conf. and Exhib. on Geographical Inf. (JEG-CI 95), The Hague, 1995."},{"key":"203111_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4379(92)90016-G","volume":"17","author":"J.F. Roddick","year":"1992","unstructured":"J.F. Roddick and J.D. Patrick. \u201cTemporal Semantics in Information Systems \u2014 A Survey,\u201d Information Systems, Vol. 17:249\u2013267, 1992.","journal-title":"Information Systems"},{"key":"203111_CR83","unstructured":"E. Rojas-Vega and Z. Kemp. \u201cAn Object-Oriented Data Model for Spatio-Temporal Data,\u201d Proc. of the Ninth Annual Symposium on Geographic Information Systems, Vancouver, Canada, 1995."},{"key":"203111_CR84","volume-title":"Conception des Syst\u00e8mes d'Information-La M\u00e9thode REMORA","author":"C. Rolland","year":"1990","unstructured":"C. Rolland, O. Foucaut, and G. Benci. \u201cConception des Syst\u00e8mes d'Information-La M\u00e9thode REMORA,\u201d Eyrolles, Paris, 1990."},{"key":"203111_CR85","unstructured":"A.A. Roshannejad and W. Kainz. \u201cHandling Identities in Spatio-Temporal Databases,\u201d Proc. of ACSM\/ASPRS 1995 Annual Convention and Exposition Tech. Papers, 1995."},{"key":"203111_CR86","unstructured":"R. Sadeghi, W.B. Samson, and S.M. Deen. \u201cHQL \u2014 A Historical Query Language,\u201d Proc. of the Sixth British National Conference on Databases (BNCOD 6), Cardiff, Wales, 1988."},{"key":"203111_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4379(94)90001-9","volume":"19","author":"B. Salzberg","year":"1994","unstructured":"B. Salzberg. \u201cOn Indexing Spatial and Temporal Data,\u201d Inf. Systems, Vol. 19:447\u2013465, 1994.","journal-title":"Inf. Systems"},{"key":"203111_CR88","unstructured":"B. Salzberg and V.J. Tsotras. \u201cA Comparison of Access Methods for Time Evolving Data,\u201d Technical Report NU-CCS\u201394\u201321, Northeastern University, 1994."},{"key":"203111_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Samet. The Design and Analysis of Spatial Data Structures. Addison-Wesley, 1990.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-52208-5_28"},{"key":"203111_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1145\/6138.6151","volume":"29","author":"N. Sarnak","year":"1986","unstructured":"N. Sarnak and R.E. Tarjan. \u201cPlanar Point Location Using Persistent Search Trees,\u201d Communications of the ACM, Vol. 29:669\u2013679, 1986.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"203111_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1145\/219713.219754","volume":"24","author":"A. Segev","year":"1995","unstructured":"A. Segev, C. Jensen, and R.T. Snodgrass. \u201cReport on the 1995 International Workshop on Temporal Databases,\u201d SIGMOD Record, Vol. 24:46\u201352, 1995.","journal-title":"SIGMOD Record"},{"key":"203111_CR92","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"D.F. Sinton","year":"1978","unstructured":"D.F. Sinton. \u201cThe Inherent Structure of Information as a Constraint to Analysis: Mapped Thematic Data as a Case Study,\u201d Harvard Papers on GIS, Vol. 7:1\u201317, 1978.","journal-title":"Harvard Papers on GIS"},{"key":"203111_CR93","unstructured":"T.A. Slocum, J.C. Davis, and S.L. Egbert. \u201cDeveloping Software for Exploring Temporal Spatial Data,\u201d Proceedings of GIS\/LIS 93, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1993."},{"key":"203111_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.T. Snodgrass. \u201cTemporal Databases,\u201d In Frank, A., editor, Theories and Methods of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Space, Springer Verlag, 1992.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-55966-3_2"},{"key":"203111_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.T. Snodgrass, editor. The TSQL2 Temporal Query Language. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2289-8"},{"key":"203111_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P.A. Story and M.F. Worboys. \u201cA Design Support Environment for Spatio-Temporal Database Applications,\u201d Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 988, Springer-Verlag, 1995.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-60392-1_27"},{"key":"203111_CR97","unstructured":"A.U. Tansel. et al. Temporal Databases: Theory, Design and Implementation, Benjamin Cummings, 1993."},{"key":"203111_CR98","unstructured":"T. Teraoka, M. Maruyama, Y. Nakamura, and S. Nishida. \u201cThe MP-tree: A Data Structure for Spatio-Temporal Data,\u201d Proc. 1995 IEEE 14th Ann. Int. Phoenix Conference on Computers and Communications, Scottsdale, Arizona, 1995."},{"key":"203111_CR99","unstructured":"C. Trepied. \u201cDynamic Icons for a Visual Spatio-Temporal Query Language,\u201d Proc. of the Joint European Conf. and Exhib. on Geographical Inf. (JEG-CI 95), The Hague, 1995."},{"key":"203111_CR100","unstructured":"D.F. Tucker, R.L. Whitman, and H.A. Devine. \u201cSpatial and Temporal Dimensions of Water Quality at Indiana Dunes National Reserve,\u201d Proc. of GIS\/LIS 90, Anaheim, California, 1990."},{"key":"203111_CR101","unstructured":"J. Turkstra. \u201cSpatial-Temporal Urban Land Value Studies Using GIS,\u201d Proc. of the Joint European Conf. and Exhib. on Geographical Inf. (JEG-CI 95), The Hague, 1995."},{"key":"203111_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/02693798908941494","volume":"3","author":"R. Vrana","year":"1989","unstructured":"R. Vrana. \u201cHistorical Data as an Explicit Component of Land Information Systems,\u201d Int. Journal of Geographical Information Systems, Vol. 3:33\u201349, 1989.","journal-title":"Int. Journal of Geographical Information Systems"},{"key":"203111_CR103","unstructured":"M. Wachowicz and R.G. Healey. \u201cTowards Temporality in GIS,\u201d In Worboys, M.F., editor, Innovations in GIS, Taylor & Francis, 1994."},{"key":"203111_CR104","unstructured":"M.O. Ward and J. Zheng. \u201cVisualization of Spatio-Temporal Data Quality,\u201d Proc. of GIS\/LIS 93, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1993."},{"key":"203111_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P.A. Whigham. \u201cHierarchies of Space and Time,\u201d Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 716, Springer-Verlag, 1993.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-57207-4_13"},{"key":"203111_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1117\/12.182796","volume":"2357","author":"S. Winter","year":"1994","unstructured":"S. Winter. \u201cUncertainty of Topological Relations in GIS,\u201d Proc. of the SPIE \u2014 The International Society for Optical Engineering, Vol. 2357:924\u2013930, 1994.","journal-title":"Proc. of the SPIE \u2014 The International Society for Optical Engineering"},{"key":"203111_CR107","unstructured":"M.F. Worboys. \u201cObject-Oriented Models of Spatiotemporal Information,\u201d Proc. of GIS\/LIS 92, San Jose, California, 1992."},{"key":"203111_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/37.1.26","volume":"37","author":"M.F. Worboys","year":"1994","unstructured":"M.F. Worboys. \u201cA Unified Model for Spatial and Temporal Information,\u201d The Computer Journal, Vol. 37:26\u201334, 1994.","journal-title":"The Computer Journal"},{"key":"203111_CR109","unstructured":"M.F. Worboys. \u201cUnifying the Spatial and Temporal Components of Geographical Information,\u201d In Waugh, T.C. and Healy, R.G., editors, Advances in GIS Research, Proc. of the 6th Int. Symp. on Spatial Data Handling, Taylor & Francis, 1994."},{"key":"203111_CR110","unstructured":"M.F. Worboys. GIS: A Computing Perspective, Taylor & Francis, 1995."},{"key":"203111_CR111","unstructured":"X. Xu, J. Han and W. Lu. \u201cRT-Tree: An Improved R-Tree Index Structure for Spatiotemporal Databases,\u201d Proc. of the 4th Int. Symp. on Spatial Data Handling, 1990."},{"key":"203111_CR112","volume-title":"Proc. of the Institute of Australian Geographics Annual Conference","author":"P.M. Yates","year":"1994","unstructured":"P.M. Yates and L.W. Crissman. \u201cThe SIIASA Spatio-Temporal Database Design,\u201d Proc. of the Institute of Australian Geographics Annual Conference, Magnetic Island, Queensland, 1994."},{"key":"203111_CR113","unstructured":"T.S. Yeh and Y.H. Vi\u00e9mont. \u201cTemporal Aspects of Geographical Databases,\u201d Proc. of EGIS 92, Munich, Germany, EGIS Foundation, 1992."},{"key":"203111_CR114","unstructured":"T.-S. Yeh. \u201cA Model for the Management of Highly Variable Spatio-Temporal Data,\u201d Proc. of the Joint European Conf. and Exhib. on Geographical Inf. (JEG-CI 95), The Hague, 1995."},{"key":"203111_CR115","first-page":"221","volume":"17","author":"T.-S. Yeh","year":"1995","unstructured":"T.-S. Yeh and B. de Cambray. \u201cModeling Highly Variable Spatio-Temporal Data,\u201d Australian Computer Science Communications, Vol. 17:221\u2013230, 1995.","journal-title":"Australian Computer Science Communications"},{"key":"203111_CR116","unstructured":"M. Yuan. \u201cTemporal GIS and Spatio-Temporal Modeling,\u201d to be published on CD-ROM by the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, 1996."},{"key":"203111_CR117","unstructured":"M. Yuan. \u201cIncorporating Human Conceptualizations into GIS Representation to Support Spatiotemporal Queries,\u201d personal communication, 1996."},{"key":"203111_CR118","unstructured":"M. Yuan. \u201cModeling Semantic, Spatial, and temporal Information in a GIS,\u201d In Craglia, M. and Couleclis, H., editors, Progress in Trans-Atlantic Geographic Information Research, Taylor & Francis, 1997."},{"key":"203111_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Zaniolo. \u201cIntelligent Databases: Old Challenges and New Opportunities,\u201d Journal of Intelligent Information Systems, Vol. 1, Kluwer Academic, 1992.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00962921"}],"container-title":["GeoInformatica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1009800916313.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1009800916313\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1009800916313.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T20:15:07Z","timestamp":1754424907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1023\/A:1009800916313"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]}},"alternative-id":["203111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1009800916313","relation":{},"ISSN":["1384-6175","1573-7624"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1384-6175","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7624","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]}}}