{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T13:59:18Z","timestamp":1776520758556,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"World Scientific Pub Co Pte Lt","issue":"04","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Open Syst. Inf. Dyn."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> In this paper, two types of systems \u2014 thermodynamic and economic \u2014 are considered, which include a large number of micro subsystems and are controlled on the macro level (macrocontrolled systems). The analogy between the maximal work problem in thermodynamics and the maximal profit problem in a microeconomic system is investigated. The notion of exergy is generalized for the systems which do not contain reservoirs, and the conditions of maximal power of heat engines are generalized for systems with arbitrary structure. The notion of system profitability and the measure of irreversibility of an microeconomic processes are introduced. The extremal principle which determines an equilibrium state of open microeconomic system, is formulated. The conditions of optimality of resource trading and the expression for profitability of resource exchange are formulated for systems which include market with perfect competition, and for systems which do not include it. Economic analogues of the second law of thermodynamics are formulated using introduced concepts. The first part of the paper is devoted to thermodynamic systems and the second to microeconomic systems. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1013945603252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,28]],"date-time":"2002-12-28T18:55:48Z","timestamp":1041101748000},"page":"315-328","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Irreversibility and Limiting Possibilities of Macrocontrolled Systems I: Thermodynamics"],"prefix":"10.1142","volume":"08","author":[{"given":"A. M.","family":"Tsirlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program Systems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, set. \u201cBotic\u201d, Pereslavl-Zalessky Russia 152140, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Kazakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Centre of Design Computing, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N. A.","family":"Kolinko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program Systems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, set. \u201cBotic\u201d, Pereslavl-Zalessky Russia 152140, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"219","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"rf1","volume-title":"Finite-time thermodynamics","author":"Andresen B.","year":"1983"},{"key":"rf2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2916405"},{"key":"rf3","volume-title":"Exergy methods and its applications","author":"Brodianskii V. M.","year":"1988"},{"key":"rf4","first-page":"1","volume":"33","author":"Fratzscher W.","journal-title":"Chemische Thechnil."},{"key":"rf5","first-page":"20","volume":"6","author":"Kuznecov A. G.","journal-title":"Automation and Remote Control"},{"key":"rf6","first-page":"125","volume":"7","author":"Novikov I. I.","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Energy II (USSR)"},{"key":"rf7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1119\/1.10023"},{"key":"rf8","first-page":"82","volume":"8","author":"Rozonoer L. I.","journal-title":"Automation and Remote Control"},{"key":"rf9","first-page":"55","volume":"44","author":"Rozonoer L. I.","journal-title":"Automation and Remote Control"},{"key":"rf10","first-page":"1","volume":"58","author":"Tsirlin A. M.","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"rf11","first-page":"7","volume":"5","author":"Orlov V. N.","journal-title":"Automation and Remote Control"}],"container-title":["Open Systems &amp; Information Dynamics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1023\/A%3A1013945603252","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]],"date-time":"2019-08-06T19:36:28Z","timestamp":1565120188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1023\/A%3A1013945603252"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,12]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"04","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1023\/A:1013945603252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1013945603252","relation":{},"ISSN":["1230-1612","1793-7191"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1230-1612","type":"print"},{"value":"1793-7191","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,12]]}}}