{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T13:59:40Z","timestamp":1783605580637,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,1]],"date-time":"2002-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1030838400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,1]],"date-time":"2002-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1030838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["GeoInformatica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]},"DOI":"10.1023\/a:1019765902987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,15]],"date-time":"2003-03-15T08:06:01Z","timestamp":1047715561000},"page":"233-261","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Simultaneous Graphic Generalization of Vector Data Sets"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Lars","family":"Harrie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tapani","family":"Sarjakoski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"5092788_CR1","volume-title":"Energy minimization methods for feature displacement in map generalization","author":"M. Bader","year":"2001","unstructured":"M. Bader. \u201cEnergy minimization methods for feature displacement in map generalization,\u201d Doctorate thesis, Geographic Information System Division, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Switzerland, 2001."},{"key":"5092788_CR2","volume-title":"Nonlinear Programming\u2014Theory and Algorithms","author":"M.S. Bazaraa","year":"1993","unstructured":"M.S. Bazaraa, H.D. Sherali, and C.M. Shetty. Nonlinear Programming\u2014Theory and Algorithms. John Wiley & Sons Inc.: New York, NY, 1993."},{"key":"5092788_CR3","unstructured":"M.K Beard. \u201cConstraints on rule formation,\u201d in B.P. Buttenfield and R.B. McMaster (Eds.), Map Generalization: Making Rules for Knowledge Representation, Longman Scientific & Technical, 121-135, 1991."},{"key":"5092788_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. de Berg, M. van Kreveld, M. Overmars, and O. Schwarzkopf. Computational Geometry\u2014Algorithms and Applications. Springer-Verlag, 1997.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-03427-9"},{"issue":"4","key":"5092788_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1559\/152304098782383007","volume":"25","author":"M. de Berg","year":"1998","unstructured":"M. de Berg, M. van Kreveld, and S. Schirra. \u201cTopologically correct subdivision simplification using the bandwidth criterion,\u201d Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, Vol. 25(4):243-257, 1998.","journal-title":"Cartography and Geographic Information Systems"},{"key":"5092788_CR6","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Semantic Modeling for the Acquisition of Topographic Information from Images and Maps","author":"D. Burghardt","year":"1997","unstructured":"D. Burghardt and S. Meier. \u201cCartographic displacement using the snakes concept,\u201d in W. Foerstner and L. Pluemer (Eds.), Semantic Modeling for the Acquisition of Topographic Information from Images and Maps Birkhaeuser Verlag: Germany, 59-71, 1997."},{"key":"5092788_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01553881","volume":"4","author":"L.P. Chew","year":"1989","unstructured":"L.P. Chew. \u201cConstrained Delaunay triangulations,\u201d Algorithmica, Vol. 4:97-108, 1989.","journal-title":"Algorithmica"},{"issue":"2","key":"5092788_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1179\/caj.1992.29.1.25","volume":"29","author":"R.G. Cromley","year":"1992","unstructured":"R.G. Cromley and G.M. Campbell. \u201cIntegrating quantitative and qualitative aspects of digital line simplification,\u201d The Cartographic Journal, Vol. 29(2):25-30, 1992.","journal-title":"The Cartographic Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"5092788_CR9","first-page":"112","volume":"10","author":"D.H. Douglas","year":"1973","unstructured":"D.H. Douglas and T.K. Peucker. \u201cAlgorithms for the reduction of the number of points required to represent a digitized line or its caricature,\u201d The Canadian Cartographer, Vol. 10(2):112-122, 1973.","journal-title":"The Canadian Cartographer"},{"key":"5092788_CR10","unstructured":"C. Duch\u00eane, M. Barrault, and K. Haire. \u201cRoad network generalization: A multi agent system approach,\u201d in Proceedings of the 20th International Cartographic Conference, Beijing, China, 2166-2177, 2001."},{"issue":"2","key":"5092788_CR11","first-page":"160","volume":"6","author":"S. Haljala","year":"1974","unstructured":"S. Haljala. \u201cMethod of conjugate gradients for the solution of normal equations in the analytical block adjustment,\u201d The Photogrammetric Journal of Finland, Vol. 6(2):160-165, 1974.","journal-title":"The Photogrammetric Journal of Finland"},{"issue":"2","key":"5092788_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1179\/caj.1998.35.2.181","volume":"35","author":"P.G. Hardy","year":"1998","unstructured":"P.G. Hardy. \u201cMap production from an active object database, using dynamic representation and automated generalization,\u201d The Cartographic Journal, Vol. 35(2):181-189, 1998.","journal-title":"The Cartographic Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"5092788_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1559\/152304099782424884","volume":"26","author":"L. Harrie","year":"1999","unstructured":"L. Harrie. \u201cThe constraint method for solving spatial conflicts in cartographic generalization,\u201d Cartography and Geographic Information Science, Vol. 26(1):55-69, 1999.","journal-title":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"5092788_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1179\/caj.1999.36.2.133","volume":"36","author":"L. Harrie","year":"1999","unstructured":"L. Harrie and A.-K. Hellstr\u00f6m. \u201cA prototype system for propagating updates between cartographic data sets,\u201d The Cartographic Journal, Vol. 36(2):133-140, 1999.","journal-title":"The Cartographic Journal"},{"issue":"A4","key":"5092788_CR15","first-page":"340","volume":"33","author":"L. Harrie","year":"2000","unstructured":"L. Harrie and T. Sarjakoski. \u201cGeneralization of vector data sets by simultaneous least squares adjustment,\u201d International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 33(A4):340-347, 2000.","journal-title":"International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing"},{"key":"5092788_CR16","volume-title":"An optimisation approach to cartographic generalisation","author":"L. Harrie","year":"2001","unstructured":"L. Harrie. \u201cAn optimisation approach to cartographic generalisation,\u201d Doctorate thesis, Department of Surveying, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, 2001."},{"issue":"1","key":"5092788_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1559\/152304000783548028","volume":"27","author":"P. H\u00f8jholt","year":"2000","unstructured":"P. H\u00f8jholt. \u201cSolving space conflicts in map generalization: Using a finite element method,\u201d Cartography and Geographic Information Science, Vol. 27(1):65-73, 2000.","journal-title":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science"},{"key":"5092788_CR18","volume-title":"Understanding Maps","author":"J.S. Keates","year":"1996","unstructured":"J.S. Keates. Understanding Maps (2nd Ed.), Addison Wesley Longman Limited: Essex, England, 1996.","edition":"2nd Ed."},{"key":"5092788_CR19","unstructured":"T. Kilpel\u00e4inen. \u201cMultiple representation and generalization of Geo-Databases for topographic maps,\u201d Doctorate thesis. Publications of the Finnish Geodetic Institute, No. 124, 1997."},{"key":"5092788_CR20","unstructured":"Laser-Scan. LAMPS2 program description (http:\/\/www.laser-scan.com\/products\/lamps2.htm, March 20, 2000), 2000."},{"key":"5092788_CR21","first-page":"217","volume-title":"Map Generalization: Making Rules for Knowledge Representation","author":"W.A. Mackaness","year":"1991","unstructured":"W.A. Mackaness. \u201cIntegration and evaluation of map generalization,\u201d in B.P. Buttenfield and R.B. McMaster (Eds.), Map Generalization: Making Rules for Knowledge Representation, Longman Group: Essex, England, 217-226, 1991."},{"key":"5092788_CR22","unstructured":"W.A. Mackaness. \u201cIssues in resolving visual spatial conflicts in automated map design,\u201d in Proceedings of the 6th Spatial Data Handling Symposium, Edinburgh, Scotland, 325-340, 1994."},{"key":"5092788_CR23","unstructured":"S. Musti\u00e8re, J.-D. Zucker, and L. Saitta. \u201cAn abstraction-based machine learning approach to cartographic generalisation,\u201d in Proceedings of the 9th Spatial Data Handling Symposium, Beijing, China, 1a.50-1a.63, 2000."},{"issue":"4","key":"5092788_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1559\/152304095782540276","volume":"22","author":"C. Plazanet","year":"1995","unstructured":"C. Plazanet, J.-G. Affholder, and E. Fritsch. \u201cThe importance of geometric modeling in linear feature generalization,\u201d Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, Vol. 22(4):291-305, 1995.","journal-title":"Cartography and Geographic Information Systems"},{"issue":"4","key":"5092788_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009753320636","volume":"2","author":"C. Plazanet","year":"1998","unstructured":"C. Plazanet, N.M. Bigolin, and A. Ruas. \u201cExperiments with learning techniques for spatial model enrichment and line generalization,\u201d GeoInformatica, Vol. 2(4):315-333, 1998.","journal-title":"GeoInformatica"},{"key":"5092788_CR26","unstructured":"N. Regnauld. \u201cRecognition of building clusters for generalisation,\u201d in Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, Delft, the Netherlands, 185-198, 1996."},{"key":"5092788_CR27","volume-title":"Elements of Cartography","author":"H.A. Robinson","year":"1995","unstructured":"H.A. Robinson, J.L. Morrison, P.C. Muehrcke, A.J. Kimerling, and S.C. Guptill. Elements of Cartography (6th Ed.). Wiley: New York, NY, 1995.","edition":"6th Ed."},{"key":"5092788_CR28","unstructured":"A. Ruas. \u201cMultiple paradigms for automating map generalization: Geometry, topology, hierarchical partitioning and local triangulation,\u201d in Proceedings of ACSM\/ASPRS, 69-78, 1995."},{"key":"5092788_CR29","unstructured":"A. Ruas and C. Plazanet. \u201cStrategies for automated generalization,\u201d in Proceedings of the 7th Spatial Data Handling Symposium, Delft, The Netherlands, 319-336, 1996."},{"key":"5092788_CR30","unstructured":"A. Ruas. \u201cSynthesis of a test on generalization,\u201d Report from OEEPE Working Group on Generalization, 2001."},{"key":"5092788_CR31","unstructured":"A. Ruas. \u201cThe roles of meso objects for generalization,\u201d in Proceedings of the 9th Spatial Data Handling Symposium, Beijing, China, 3b.50-3b.63, 2000."},{"key":"5092788_CR32","first-page":"425","volume":"24-III","author":"T. Sarjakoski","year":"1982","unstructured":"T. Sarjakoski. \u201cBundle block adjustment based on conjugate gradient and direct solution methods,\u201d International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 24-III:425-445, 1982.","journal-title":"International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing"},{"key":"5092788_CR33","unstructured":"T. Sarjakoski and T. Kilpel\u00e4inen. \u201cHolistic cartographic generalization by least squares adjustment for large data sets,\u201d in Proceedings of 19th International Cartographic Conference, Ottawa, Canada, 1091-1098, 1999."},{"key":"5092788_CR34","series-title":"TRITA-FMI Report","volume-title":"Computational methods for generalization of cartographic data in a raster environment","author":"L. Schylberg","year":"1993","unstructured":"L. Schylberg. \u201cComputational methods for generalization of cartographic data in a raster environment,\u201d Doctorate thesis, Department of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, TRITA-FMI Report 1993:7, 1993."},{"key":"5092788_CR35","unstructured":"M. Sester. \u201cMaastabh\u00e4ngige Darstellungen in digitalen r\u00e4umlichen Datenbest\u00e4nden,\u201d Habilitationsschrift, Department of Photogrammetry, University of Stuttgart, 2000."},{"key":"5092788_CR36","first-page":"79","volume":"33","author":"M. Sester","year":"2000","unstructured":"M. Sester. \u201cGeneralization based on least squares adjustment,\u201d International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol 33, Part C4:79-86, 2000.","journal-title":"International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing"},{"key":"5092788_CR37","unstructured":"K.S. Shea and R.B. McMaster. \u201cCartographic generalization in a digital environment: When and how to generalize,\u201d in Proceedings of 9th International Symposium on Computer-Assisted Cartography, Baltimore, USA, 56-67, 1989."},{"key":"5092788_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.R. Shewchuk. \u201cTriangle: Engineering a 2-D quality mesh generator and Delaunay triangulator,\u201d in First Workshop on Applied Computational Geometry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 124-133, 1996.","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0014497"},{"issue":"1","key":"5092788_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1179\/caj.1993.30.1.46","volume":"30","author":"M. Visvalingam","year":"1993","unstructured":"M. Visvalingam and J.D. Whyatt. \u201cLine generalization by repeated elimination of points,\u201d Cartographic Journal, Vol. 30(1):46-51, 1993.","journal-title":"Cartographic Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"5092788_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1559\/152304098782441750","volume":"25","author":"Z. Wang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Z. Wang, and J.-C. M\u00fcller. \u201cLine generalization based on analysis of shape characteristics,\u201d Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, Vol. 25(1):3-15, 1998.","journal-title":"Cartography and Geographic Information Systems"},{"key":"5092788_CR41","unstructured":"J.M. Ware and C.B. Jones. \u201cA spatial model for detecting (and resolving) conflict caused by scale reduction,\u201d in Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, Delft, The Netherlands, 547-558, 1996."},{"issue":"4","key":"5092788_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009713606524","volume":"2","author":"J.M. Ware","year":"1998","unstructured":"J.M. Ware and C.B. Jones. \u201cConflict reduction in map generalization using iterative improvement,\u201d GeoInformatica, Vol. 2(4):383-407, 1998.","journal-title":"GeoInformatica"},{"key":"5092788_CR43","unstructured":"R. Weibel and G.H. Dutton. \u201cConstrained-based automated map generalization,\u201d in Proceedings of the 8th Spatial Data Handling Symposium, Vancouver, Canada, 214-224, 1998."},{"key":"5092788_CR44","volume-title":"GIS\u2014A Computing Perspective","author":"M.F. Worboys","year":"1995","unstructured":"M.F. Worboys. GIS\u2014A Computing Perspective. Taylor & Francis: London, England, 1995."},{"issue":"3","key":"5092788_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3138\/9258-63QL-3988-110H","volume":"23","author":"S. Zoraster","year":"1986","unstructured":"S. Zoraster. \u201cInteger programming applied to the map label placement problem,\u201d Cartographica, Vol. 23(3):16-27, 1986.","journal-title":"Cartographica"},{"issue":"4","key":"5092788_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1559\/152304097782439259","volume":"24","author":"S. Zoraster","year":"1997","unstructured":"S. Zoraster. \u201cPractical results using simulated annealing for point feature label placement,\u201d Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, Vol. 24(4):228-238, 1997.","journal-title":"Cartography and Geographic Information Systems"}],"container-title":["GeoInformatica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1019765902987.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1019765902987\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1019765902987.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T20:28:08Z","timestamp":1754425688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1023\/A:1019765902987"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]}},"alternative-id":["5092788"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1019765902987","relation":{},"ISSN":["1384-6175","1573-7624"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1384-6175","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7624","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]}}}