{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T07:12:43Z","timestamp":1777360363049,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,1]],"date-time":"2002-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1030838400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,1]],"date-time":"2002-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1030838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]},"DOI":"10.1023\/a:1020115409250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,15]],"date-time":"2003-03-15T08:36:10Z","timestamp":1047717370000},"page":"283-309","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["An Analysis of the Causes of Code Growth in Genetic Programming"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Terence","family":"Soule","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert B.","family":"Heckendorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"5091792_CR1","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Genetic Algorithms Within the Framework of Evolutionary Computation","author":"T. Blickle","year":"1994","unstructured":"T. Blickle and L. Thiele, \u201cGenetic programming and redundancy,\u201d in Genetic Algorithms Within the Framework of Evolutionary Computation, J. Hopf (ed.), Max-Planck-Institut fur Informatik: Saarbrucken, Germany, 1994, pp. 33\u201338."},{"issue":"2","key":"5091792_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011504414730","volume":"2","author":"J. M. Daida","year":"2001","unstructured":"J. M. Daida, R. B. Bertram, S. A. Stanhpe, J. C. Khoo, S. A. Chaudhary, and O. A. Chaudhri, \u201cWhat makes a problem gp-hard? Analysis of tunably difficult problems in genetic programming,\u201d Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 165\u2013191, 2001.","journal-title":"Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines"},{"key":"5091792_CR3","first-page":"119","volume-title":"Genetic Programming 1997: Proc. Second Annual Conf.","author":"C. Gathercole","year":"1997","unstructured":"C. Gathercole and P. Ross, \u201cTackling the boolean even n parity problem with genetic programming and limited-error fitness,\u201d in Genetic Programming 1997: Proc. Second Annual Conf., J. R. Koza, K. Deb, M. Dorigo, D. B. Fogel, M. Garzon, H. Iba, and R. R. Riolo (eds.), Morgan Kaufmann: San Francisco, CA, 1997, pp. 119\u2013127."},{"key":"5091792_CR4","first-page":"174","volume-title":"Genetic Programming 1997: Proc. Second Annual Conf.","author":"D. C. Hooper","year":"1997","unstructured":"D. C. Hooper, N. S. Flann, and S. R. Fuller, \u201cRecombinative hill-climbing: Astronger search method for genetic programming,\u201d in Genetic Programming 1997: Proc. Second Annual Conf., J. R. Koza, K. Deb, M. Dorigo, D. B. Fogel, M. Garzon, H. Iba, and R. R. Riolo (eds.), Morgan Kaufmann: San Francisco, CA, 1997, pp. 174\u2013179."},{"key":"5091792_CR5","unstructured":"C. Igel and K. Chellapilla, \u201cInvestigating the influence of depth and degree of genotypic change on fitness in genetic programming,\u201d in Proc. Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conf., W. Banzhaf, J. Daida, A. E. Eiben, M. H. Garzon, V. Honavar, M. Jakiela, and R. E. Smith (eds.), Morgan Kaufmann, 1999, pp. 1061\u20131068."},{"key":"5091792_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Koza, \u201cAgenetic approach to the truck backer upper problem and the intertwined spiral problem,\u201d in Proc. IJCNN Int. Joint Conf. Neural Networks, IEEE Press, 1992, pp. 310\u2013318.","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.1992.227324"},{"key":"5091792_CR7","volume-title":"Genetic Programming: On the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection","author":"J. R. Koza","year":"1992","unstructured":"J. R. Koza, Genetic Programming: On the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection, The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 1992."},{"key":"5091792_CR8","series-title":"Technical Report","volume-title":"Fitness causes bloat: Simulated annealing, hill climbing and populations","author":"W. B. Langdon","year":"1997","unstructured":"W. B. Langdon, \u201cFitness causes bloat: Simulated annealing, hill climbing and populations,\u201d Technical Report SRP-97-22, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, 1997."},{"key":"5091792_CR9","unstructured":"W. B. Langdon, \u201cSize fair and homologous tree genetic programming crossovers,\u201d in Proc. Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conf., W. Banzhaf, J. Daida, A. E. Eiben, M. H. Garzon, V. Honavar, M. Jakiela, and R. E. Smith (eds.), Morgan Kaufmann: 1999, pp. 1092\u20131097."},{"key":"5091792_CR10","unstructured":"W. B. Langdon and R. Poli, \u201cWhy ants are hard,\u201d in Genetic Programming 1998: Proc. Third Annual Conf., J. R. Koza, W. Banzhaf, K. Chellapilla, K. Deb, M. Dorigo, D. B. Fogel, M. H. Garzon, D. E. Goldberg, H. Iba, and R. Riolo (eds.), 1998, pp. 193\u2013201."},{"key":"5091792_CR11","first-page":"163","volume-title":"Genetic Programming III","author":"W. B. Langdon","year":"1999","unstructured":"W. B. Langdon, T. Soule, R. Poli, and J. A. Foster, \u201cThe evolution of size and shape,\u201d in Advances in Genetic Programming III, L. Spector, W. B. Langdon, U.-M. O'Reilly, and P. J. Angeline (eds.), The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 1999, pp. 163\u2013190."},{"key":"5091792_CR12","unstructured":"S. Luke, \u201cCode growth is not caused by introns,\u201d in Late Breaking Papers, Proc. Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conf., 2000, pp. 228\u2013235."},{"key":"5091792_CR13","first-page":"303","volume-title":"Proc. Sixth Int. Conf. Genetic Algorithms","author":"N. F. McPhee","year":"1995","unstructured":"N. F. McPhee and J. D. Miller, \u201cAccurate replication in genetic programming,\u201d in Proc. Sixth Int. Conf. Genetic Algorithms, L. J. Eshelman (ed.), Morgan Kaufmann: San Francisco, CA, 1995, pp. 303\u2013309."},{"key":"5091792_CR14","unstructured":"N. F. McPhee and N. J. Hopper, \u201cAnalysis of genetic diversity through population history,\u201d in Proc. Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conf., W. Banzhaf, J. Daida, A. E. Eiben, M. H. Garzon, V. Honavar, M. Jakiela, and R. E. Smith (eds.), Morgan Kaufmann, 1999, pp. 1112\u20131120."},{"key":"5091792_CR15","volume-title":"Evolutionary Program Induction of Binary Machine Code and Its Application","author":"P. Nordin","year":"1997","unstructured":"P. Nordin, Evolutionary Program Induction of Binary Machine Code and Its Application, Krehl Verlag: Muenster, 1997."},{"key":"5091792_CR16","first-page":"310","volume-title":"Proc. Sixth Int. Conf. Genetic Algorithms","author":"P. Nordin","year":"1995","unstructured":"P. Nordin and W. Banzhaf, \u201cComplexity compression and evolution,\u201d in Proc. Sixth Int. Conf. Genetic Algorithms, L. J. Eshelman (ed.), Morgan Kaufmann: San Francisco, CA, 1995, pp. 310\u2013317."},{"key":"5091792_CR17","unstructured":"P. Nordin, W. Banzhaf, and F. D. Francone, \u201cIntrons in nature and in simulated structure evolution,\u201d in Proceedings Bio-Computing and Emergent Computation, D. Lundh, B. Olsson, and A. Narayanan (eds.), Springer, 1997, pp. 22\u201335."},{"key":"5091792_CR18","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Advances in Genetic Programming II","author":"P. Nordin","year":"1996","unstructured":"P. Nordin, F. Francone, and W. Banzhaf, \u201cExplicitly defined introns and destructive crossover in genetic programming,\u201d in Advances in Genetic Programming II, P. Angeline and Jr. K. E. Kinnear (eds.), The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 1996, pp. 111\u2013134."},{"issue":"4","key":"5091792_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.1998.6.4.339","volume":"6","author":"P. Smith","year":"1998","unstructured":"P. Smith and K. Harries, \u201cCode growth, explicitly defined introns, and alternative selection schemes,\u201d Evolutionary Computation, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 339\u2013360, 1998.","journal-title":"Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"5091792_CR20","unstructured":"T. Soule, Code Growth in Genetic Programming, Ph.D. thesis, University of Idaho, University of Idaho, 1998."},{"key":"5091792_CR21","first-page":"313","volume-title":"Genetic Programming 1997: Proc. Second Annual Conf.","author":"T. Soule","year":"1997","unstructured":"T. Soule and J. A. Foster, \u201cCode size and depth flows in genetic programming,\u201d in Genetic Programming 1997: Proc. Second Annual Conf., J. R. Koza, K. Deb, M. Dorigo, D. B. Fogel, M. Garzon, H. Iba, and R. R. Riolo (eds.), Morgan Kaufmann: San Francisco, CA, 1997, pp. 313\u2013320."},{"key":"5091792_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Soule and J. A. Foster, \u201cRemoval bias: a new cause of code growth in tree based evolutionary programming,\u201d in ICEC 98: IEEE International Conf. on Evolutionary Computation, IEEE Press, 1998, pp. 781\u2013786.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEC.1998.700151"},{"key":"5091792_CR23","first-page":"215","volume-title":"Genetic Programming 1996: Proc. First Annual Conf.","author":"T. Soule","year":"1996","unstructured":"T. Soule, J. A. Foster, and J. Dickinson, \u201cCode growth in genetic programming,\u201d in Genetic Programming 1996: Proc. First Annual Conf., J. R. Koza, D. E. Goldberg, D. B. Fogel, and R. R. Riolo (eds.), MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 1996, pp. 215\u2013223."},{"key":"5091792_CR24","volume-title":"Building Linux Clusters: Scaling Linux for Scientific and Enterprise Applications","author":"D. H. M. Spector","year":"2000","unstructured":"D. H. M. Spector, Building Linux Clusters: Scaling Linux for Scientific and Enterprise Applications, O'Reilly: Sebastopol, CA, 2000."},{"key":"5091792_CR25","volume-title":"How to Build a Beowulf: AGuide to the Implementation and Application of PC Cluster","author":"T. L. Sterling","year":"1999","unstructured":"T. L. Sterling, J. Salmon, D. J. Becker, and D. F. Savarese, How to Build a Beowulf: AGuide to the Implementation and Application of PC Cluster, MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 1999."}],"container-title":["Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1020115409250.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1020115409250\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1020115409250.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T20:58:23Z","timestamp":1754427503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1023\/A:1020115409250"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]}},"alternative-id":["5091792"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1020115409250","relation":{},"ISSN":["1389-2576","1573-7632"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1389-2576","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7632","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]}}}