{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T22:59:54Z","timestamp":1773788394695,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,1]],"date-time":"2002-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1038700800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,1]],"date-time":"2002-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1038700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of Software Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]},"DOI":"10.1023\/a:1020557525901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,18]],"date-time":"2003-03-18T20:12:43Z","timestamp":1048018363000},"page":"275-309","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Software Evolution and Software Evolution Processes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Meir M.","family":"Lehman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Juan F.","family":"Ramil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"5099943_CR1","first-page":"264","volume-title":"Software Project Dynamics - An Integrated Approach","author":"T.K. Abdel-Hamid","year":"1991","unstructured":"Abdel-Hamid, T.K. and S.E. Madnick (1991), Software Project Dynamics - An Integrated Approach, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 264 pp."},{"key":"5099943_CR2","first-page":"421","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Software Engineering","author":"A. Ant\u00f3 n","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ant\u00f3 n, A. and C. Potts (2001), \u201cFunctional Paleontology: System Evolution as the User Sees It, \u201d In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Software Engineering, Toronto, 12- 19 May, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, pp. 421\u2013430."},{"key":"5099943_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apt, K.R. and D. Kozen (1986), \u201cLimits for Automatic Program Verification of Finite-State Concurrent Systems, \u201d Information Processing Letters 22, 6.","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-0190(86)90071-2"},{"key":"5099943_CR4","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Software Engineering","author":"V.R. Basili","year":"1996","unstructured":"Basili, V.R. et al. (1996), \u201cUnderstanding and Predicting the Process of Software Maintenance Releases, \u201d Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Software Engineering, Berlin, March 25- 29, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA."},{"key":"5099943_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-266950-7.50030-X","volume-title":"Statistical Computer Performance Evaluation","author":"L.A. Belady","year":"1972","unstructured":"Belady, L.A. and M.M. Lehman (1972), \u201cAn Introduction to Program Growth Dynamics, \u201d In Statistical Computer Performance Evaluation, W. Freiburger, Ed., Academic Press, New York, pp. 503\u2013511."},{"key":"5099943_CR6","first-page":"75","volume-title":"The Future of Software Engineering, ICSE 2000","author":"K.H. Bennett","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bennett, K.H. and V.T. Rajlich (2000), \u201cSoftware Maintenance and Evolution: a Roadmap, \u201d In The Future of Software Engineering, ICSE 2000, A. Finkelstein, Ed., June 4- 11, Limerick, Ireland, ACM Press, pp. 75\u201387."},{"key":"5099943_CR7","unstructured":"Bersoff, E.H., V.D. Henderson, and S.G. Siegel (1980), Software Configuration Management, Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"5099943_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.1976.1674590","volume":"12","author":"B.W. Boehm","year":"1976","unstructured":"Boehm, B.W. (1976), \u201cSoftware Engineering, \u201d IEEE Transactions on Computers C-25, 12, 1226\u20131241.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Computers C-25"},{"key":"5099943_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boehm, B.W. (1988), \u201cA Spiral Model of Software Development and Enhancement, \u201d Computer 21, May, 61- 72.","DOI":"10.1109\/2.59"},{"issue":"2\/3","key":"5099943_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1670(200006\/09)5:2\/3<91::AID-SPIP123>3.0.CO;2-L","volume":"5","author":"B.W. Chatters","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chatters, B.W. et al. (2000), \u201cModelling a Long Term Software Evolution Process, \u201d Journal of Software Process - Improvement and Practice 5, 2\/3, June\/September, 91\u2013102.","journal-title":"Journal of Software Process - Improvement and Practice"},{"key":"5099943_CR11","unstructured":"Chong-Hok-Yuen, C.K.S. (1981), \u201cPhenomenology of Program Maintenance and Evolution, \u201d PhD thesis, Department of Computing, Imperial College."},{"issue":"3","key":"5099943_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01933419","volume":"8","author":"E.W. Dijkstra","year":"1968","unstructured":"Dijkstra, E.W. (1968a), \u201cA Constructive Approach to the Problem of Program Correctness, \u201d BIT 8, 3, 174\u2013186.","journal-title":"BIT"},{"issue":"11","key":"5099943_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1145\/362929.362947","volume":"11","author":"E.W. Dijkstra","year":"1968","unstructured":"Dijkstra, E.W. (1968b), \u201cGOTO Statement Considered Harmful, \u201d Letter to the Editor, Communications of the ACM 11, 11, 147\u2013148.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"5099943_CR14","unstructured":"Dijkstra, E.W. (1972a), \u201cNotes on Structured Programming, \u201d In Structured Programming, O.J. Dahl, E.W. Dijkstra, and C.A.R. Hoare, Eds., Academic Press, pp. 1- 82."},{"issue":"10","key":"5099943_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1145\/355604.361591","volume":"15","author":"E.W. Dijkstra","year":"1972","unstructured":"Dijkstra, E.W. (1972b), \u201cThe Humble Programmer, \u201d ACM Turing Award Lecture, Communications of the ACM 15, 10, October, 859\u2013866.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"5099943_CR16","unstructured":"El Eman, K. et al. (1998), SPICE: The Theory and Practice of Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination, IEEE CS Press."},{"key":"5099943_CR17","unstructured":"FFSE (2001), \u201cInternational Session on Formal Foundations of Software Evolution, \u201d 13 March, Lisbon, Portugal, http:\/\/prog.vub.ac.be\/poolresearch\/FFSE\/FFSE-Workshop.html"},{"key":"5099943_CR18","volume-title":"Industrial Dynamics","author":"J.W. Forrester","year":"1961","unstructured":"Forrester, J.W. (1961), Industrial Dynamics, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"5099943_CR19","volume-title":"Refactoring: Improving the Design of Code","author":"M. Fowler","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fowler, M. (1999), Refactoring: Improving the Design of Code, Addison-Wesley, New York."},{"key":"5099943_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godfrey, M.W. and Q. Tu (2000), \u201cEvolution in Open Source Software: A Case Study, \u201d In Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Maintenance, 11- 14 October, San Jose, CA, pp. 131- 142.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSM.2000.883030"},{"key":"5099943_CR21","first-page":"437","volume-title":"Programming Methodology - A Collection of Articles by Members of IFIP WG2.3","year":"1978","unstructured":"Gries, D., Ed. (1978), Programming Methodology - A Collection of Articles by Members of IFIP WG2.3, Springer Verlag, New York, 437 pp."},{"key":"5099943_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilb, T. (1981), \u201cEvolutionary Development, \u201d ACM Software Engineering Notes 6, 2, April.","DOI":"10.1145\/1012615.1012618"},{"key":"5099943_CR23","volume-title":"Principles of Software Engineering Management","author":"T. Gilb","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gilb, T. (1988), Principles of Software Engineering Management, Addison-Wesley, Wokingham, England."},{"key":"5099943_CR24","unstructured":"Hartswood, M. et al. (2002), \u201cCunning Plans: Some Notes on Plans, Procedures and CSCW, \u201d RQ - Newsletter of The Requirements Engineering Specialist Group, BCS, issue 25, January, http:\/\/www.resg.org.uk"},{"key":"5099943_CR25","first-page":"315","volume-title":"Systems Engineering for Business Process Change - Collected Papers from the EPSRC Research Programme","year":"2000","unstructured":"Henderson, P., Ed. (2000), Systems Engineering for Business Process Change - Collected Papers from the EPSRC Research Programme, Springer, London, 315 pp."},{"issue":"10","key":"5099943_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1145\/363235.363259","volume":"12","author":"C.A.R. Hoare","year":"1969","unstructured":"Hoare, C.A.R. (1969), \u201cAn Axiomatic Basis for Computer Programming, \u201d Communications of the ACM 12, 10, October, 576\u2013583.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"5099943_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoare, C.A.R. (1971), \u201cProof of a Program FIND, \u201d Communications of the ACM 14, 1, January.","DOI":"10.1145\/362452.362489"},{"key":"5099943_CR28","volume-title":"Managing the Software Process","author":"W.S. Humphrey","year":"1989","unstructured":"Humphrey, W.S. (1989), Managing the Software Process, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA."},{"key":"5099943_CR29","volume-title":"Introduction to the Personal Software Process (SM)","author":"W.S. Humphrey","year":"1997","unstructured":"Humphrey, W.S. (1997), Introduction to the Personal Software Process (SM), Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA."},{"key":"5099943_CR30","unstructured":"Ince, D. (1994), ISO 9001 and Software Quality Assurance, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"5099943_CR31","unstructured":"IWPSE (1998- 2002), International Workshops on Principles of Software Evolution, 1998, 1999, 2000 (Symp.), 2001, and 2002, IEEE Computer Society Press\/ACM Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"5099943_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(01)00068-1","volume":"59","author":"G. Kahen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kahen, G. et al. (2001), \u201cSystem Dynamics Modelling of Software Evolution Processes for Policy Investigation: Approach and Example, \u201d Journal of Systems and Software 59, 3, December, 271\u2013281.","journal-title":"Journal of Systems and Software"},{"issue":"4","key":"5099943_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1109\/32.799945","volume":"25","author":"C.F. Kemerer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kemerer, C.F. and S. Slaughter (1999), \u201cAn Empirical Approach to Studying Software Evolution, \u201d IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 25, 4, July\/August, 493\u2013509.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"},{"key":"5099943_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuvaja, P. et al. (1994), Software Process Assessment and Improvement - The Bootstrap Approach, Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-59449-3_22"},{"key":"5099943_CR35","volume-title":"IBM Research Report RC2722M","author":"M.M. *Lehman","year":"1969","unstructured":"*Lehman, M.M. (1969), \u201cThe Programming Process, \u201d IBM Research Report RC2722M, IBM Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, September."},{"key":"5099943_CR36","first-page":"211","volume":"9","author":"M.M. *Lehman","year":"1974","unstructured":"*Lehman, M.M. (1974), \u201cPrograms, Cities, Students - Limits to Growth, \u201d Imperial College, Inaugural Lectures Series, Vol. 9, 1970- 1974, pp. 211\u2013229 (also in [Gries 1978]).","journal-title":"Imperial College, Inaugural Lectures Series"},{"key":"5099943_CR37","unstructured":"*Lehman, M.M. (1978), \u201cLaws of Program Evolution - Rules and Tools for Programming Management, \u201d In Proc. Infotech State of the Art Conference, Why Software Projects Fail, April 9- 11, pp. IV1- IV25."},{"key":"5099943_CR38","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Proc. Symp. on Formal Design Methodology","author":"M.M. Lehman","year":"1979","unstructured":"Lehman, M.M. (1979), \u201cThe Environment of Design Methodology, \u201d In Proc. Symp. on Formal Design Methodology, T.A. Cox, Ed., Cambridge, UK, 9- 12 April, STL Ltd., Harlow, Essex, UK, 1980, pp. 17\u201338."},{"key":"5099943_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Lehman, M.M. (1980), \u201cProgram Life Cycles and Laws of Software Evolution, \u201d Proceedings of IEEE, Special Issue on Software Engineering, September, 1060- 1076.","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1980.11805"},{"key":"5099943_CR40","first-page":"14","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Software Engineering","author":"M.M. Lehman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lehman, M.M. (1987), \u201cProcess Models, Process Programs, Programming Support, \u201d Invited Response to a Keynote Address by L. Osterweil, In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Software Engineering, Monterey, CA, March 30- April 2, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, pp. 14\u201316."},{"issue":"1","key":"5099943_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/smr.4360010103","volume":"1","author":"M.M. Lehman","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lehman, M.M. (1989), \u201cUncertainty in Computer Application and Its Control Through the Engineering of Software, \u201d Journal of Software Maintenance: Research and Practice 1, 1 September, 3\u201327.","journal-title":"Journal of Software Maintenance: Research and Practice"},{"issue":"5","key":"5099943_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1145\/78607.316059","volume":"33","author":"M.M. Lehman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lehman, M.M. (1990), \u201cUncertainty in Computer Application, \u201d Technical Letter, Communications of the ACM 33, 5, May, 584.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"5099943_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1049\/sej.1991.0028","volume":"6","author":"M.M. Lehman","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lehman, M.M. (1991), \u201cSoftware Engineering, the Software Process and Their Support, \u201d IEE Software Engineering Journal 6, Special Issue on Software Environments and Factories, 5, September, 243\u2013258.","journal-title":"IEE Software Engineering Journal"},{"key":"5099943_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-5849(96)01121-4","volume":"38","author":"M.M. Lehman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lehman, M.M. (1994), \u201cFeedback in the Software Evolution Process, \u201d Keynote Address, In CSR Eleventh Annual Workshop on Software Evolution: Models and Metrics, Dublin, 7- 9 September, Information and Software Technology 38, Special Issue on Software Maintenance, 11, 1996, 681\u2013686.","journal-title":"Information and Software Technology"},{"key":"5099943_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0017737","volume":"1149","author":"M.M. Lehman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lehman, M.M. (1996), \u201cLaws of Software Evolution Revisited, \u201d In Proceedings of the European Workshop on Software Process Technology, October, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 1149, Springer Verlag, 1997, pp. 108\u2013124.","journal-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science"},{"key":"5099943_CR46","unstructured":"Lehman, M.M. (2000), \u201cAn Approach to a Theory of Software Evolution, \u201d EPSRC Proposal, Case for Support Part 2, Department of Computing, Imperial College, London, December (revised version September 2001)."},{"key":"5099943_CR47","first-page":"538","volume-title":"Program Evolution - Processes of Software Change","author":"L.A. Belady","year":"1985","unstructured":"Lehman, M.M. and L.A. Belady, Eds. (1985), Program Evolution - Processes of Software Change, Academic Press, London, 538 pp."},{"key":"5099943_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPSE.2000.913215","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Principles of Software Evolution","author":"M.M. Lehman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lehman, M.M. and J.F. Ramil (2000a), \u201cTowards a Theory of Software Evolution - And Its Practical Impact, \u201d In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Principles of Software Evolution, Kanazawa, Japan, November 1- 2, T. Katayama et al., Eds., IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, pp. 2\u201311."},{"key":"5099943_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehman, M.M. and J.F. Ramil (2000b), \u201cSoftware Evolution in the Age of Component Based Software Engineering, \u201d IEE Proceedings Software 147, Special Issue on Component Based Software Engineering, 6, December, 249- 255 (earlier version Technical Report 98\/8, Imp. Col., London, June 1998).","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-sen:20000922"},{"key":"5099943_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012535017876","volume":"11","author":"M.M. Lehman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lehman, M.M. and J.F. Ramil (2001a), \u201cRules and Tools of Software Evolution Planning, Management and Control, \u201d Annals of Software Engineering 11, Special Issue on Software Management, 15\u201344.","journal-title":"Annals of Software Engineering"},{"key":"5099943_CR51","unstructured":"Lehman, M.M. and J.F. Ramil (2001b), \u201cAn Approach to a Theory of Software Evolution, \u201d In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Principles of Software Evolution, Vienna, 10- 11 September, ACM Press, forthcoming."},{"key":"5099943_CR52","first-page":"174","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","author":"M.M. Lehman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lehman, M.M. and J.F. Ramil (2002), \u201cSoftware Uncertainty\u201d In Proceedings of Soft-Ware 2002: First International Conference on Computing in an Imperfect World, Belfast, North Ireland, 8- 10 April, D. Bustard, W. Liu, and R. Sterritt, Eds., Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 2311, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, pp. 174\u2013190."},{"key":"5099943_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehman, M.M., J.F. Ramil, and U. Sandler (2001), \u201cAn Approach to Modelling Long-Term Growth Trends in Software Systems, \u201d In Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Maintenance, 6- 10 November, Florence, Italy, pp. 219- 228.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSM.2001.972735"},{"key":"5099943_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehman, M.M., V. Stenning, and W.M. Turski (1984), \u201cAnother Look at Software Design Methodology, \u201d ACM SigSoft Software Engineering Notes 9, 2, April, 38- 53.","DOI":"10.1145\/1012467.1012470"},{"key":"5099943_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehman, M.M. et al. (1997), \u201cMetrics and Laws of Software Evolution - The Nineties View, \u201d In Proc. Fourth Int. Symp. on Software Metrics, Metrics 97, Albuquerque, NM, 5- 7 November, pp. 20- 32. Also in Elements of Software Process Assessment and Improvement, K. El Eman and N.H. Madhavji, Eds., IEEE Computer Society Press, 1999, pp. 343- 368.","DOI":"10.1109\/METRIC.1997.637156"},{"issue":"5","key":"5099943_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1109\/2.27953","volume":"22","author":"Luqi","year":"1989","unstructured":"Luqi (1989), \u201cSoftware Evolution through Rapid Prototyping, \u201d IEEE Computer 22, 5, May, 13\u201325.","journal-title":"IEEE Computer"},{"key":"5099943_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marciniak, J., Ed. (2002), Encyclopaedia of Software Engineering, 2nd ed., Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471028959"},{"key":"5099943_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mittermeir, R.T. (2001), \u201cSoftware Evolution - Let's Sharpen the Terminology Before Sharpening (Outof-Scope) Tools, \u201d In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Principles of Software Evolution, Vienna, 10- 11 September, ACM Press, forthcoming.","DOI":"10.1145\/602483.602485"},{"key":"5099943_CR59","unstructured":"Naur, P. and B. Randell, Eds. (1968), \u201cSoftware Engineering, \u201d In Conf. Sponsored by the NATO Sc. Comm., Garmisch, Germany, 7- 11 October, Brussels, Sc. Aff. Div., NATO, 1969, 231 p., http:\/\/www.cs.ncl.ac.uk\/people\/brian.randell\/home.formal\/NATO\/"},{"key":"5099943_CR60","unstructured":"Osterweil, L. (1987), \u201cSoftware Processes Are Software Too, \u201d In Proc. of the 9th International Conference on Software Engineering, Monterey, CA, March 30- April 2, IEEE Computer Society Press, pp. 2- 13."},{"key":"5099943_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osterweil, L. (1997), \u201cSoftware Processes Are Software Too - Revisited: An Invited Talk on the Most Influential Paper of ICSE 9, \u201d In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Software Engineering, Boston, May 17- 23, ACM Press, pp. 540- 548.","DOI":"10.1145\/253228.253440"},{"issue":"4","key":"5099943_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/52.219617","volume":"10","author":"M.C. Paulk","year":"1993","unstructured":"Paulk, M.C. et al. (1993), \u201cCapability Maturity Model, ver. 1.1, \u201d IEEE Software 10, 4, 18\u201327.","journal-title":"IEEE Software"},{"key":"5099943_CR63","unstructured":"Pigoski, T.M. (1996), Practical Software Maintenance, Wiley, 384 pp."},{"key":"5099943_CR64","volume-title":"PhD Thesis","author":"S.S. Pirzada","year":"1988","unstructured":"Pirzada, S.S. (1988), \u201cA Statistical Examination of the Evolution of the UNIX System\u201d, PhD Thesis, Imperial College, London."},{"key":"5099943_CR65","unstructured":"Pfleeger, S.L. (1998a), Software Engineering - Theory and Practice, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"5099943_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pfleeger, S.L. (1998b), \u201cThe Nature of System Change, \u201d IEEE Software 15, 3, May- June, 87- 90. Potts, C., Ed. (1984), Proceedings of the Software Process Workshop, Egham, Surrey, February.","DOI":"10.1109\/52.676964"},{"key":"5099943_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajlich, V.T. and K.H. Bennett (2000), \u201cA Staged Model for the Software Life Cycle, \u201d IEEE Computer, July, 66- 71.","DOI":"10.1109\/2.869374"},{"key":"5099943_CR68","volume-title":"Proceedings of Wescon, August, pp. 1- 9. Also in Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Software Engineering","author":"W.W. Royce","year":"1970","unstructured":"Royce, W.W. (1970), \u201cManaging the Development of Large Software Systems, \u201d In Proceedings of Wescon, August, pp. 1- 9. Also in Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Software Engineering, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 1987."},{"key":"5099943_CR69","unstructured":"SEEC (2002), Symposium on Software Evolution and Evolutionary Computation, University of Hertfordshire, UK, 7- 8 February, http:\/\/homepages.feis.herts.ac.uk\/~nehaniv\/EN\/seec\/program.html"},{"key":"5099943_CR70","unstructured":"Succi, G., J. Paulson, and A. Eberlein (2001), \u201cPreliminary Results from an Empirical Study on the Growth of Open Source and Commercial Software Products, \u201d In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Economics-Driven Software Engineering Research EDSER-3, ICSE 2001, May 14- 15, Toronto."},{"key":"5099943_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, R.N. et al. (1989), \u201cFoundations for the Arcadia Environment Architecture, \u201d In Proceedings of the ACM SIGSOFT\/SIGPLAN Software Engineering Symposium on Practical Software Development Environments, November, pp. 1- 13.","DOI":"10.1145\/64135.65004"},{"key":"5099943_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691186672","volume-title":"Conceptual Revolutions","author":"P. Thagard","year":"1992","unstructured":"Thagard, P. (1992), Conceptual Revolutions, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 285 pp."},{"key":"5099943_CR73","unstructured":"Tully, C. (1989), \u201cRepresenting and Enacting the Software Process, \u201d Proceedings 4th International Workshop on the Software Process, January, Also in ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, June."},{"issue":"6","key":"5099943_CR74","first-page":"363","volume":"9","author":"W.M. Turski","year":"1981","unstructured":"Turski, W.M. (1981), \u201cSpecification as a Theory with Models in the Computer World and in the Real World, \u201d Infotech State of the Art Report 9, 6, 363\u2013377.","journal-title":"Infotech State of the Art Report"},{"issue":"8","key":"5099943_CR75","first-page":"599","volume":"22","author":"W.M. Turski","year":"1996","unstructured":"Turski, W.M. (1996), \u201cA Reference Model for the Smooth Growth of Software Systems, \u201d IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 22, 8, 599\u2013600.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"},{"key":"5099943_CR76","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","author":"W.M. Turski","year":"2000","unstructured":"Turski, W.M. (2000), \u201cAn Essay on Software Engineering at the Turn of the Century, \u201d In Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering, Proceedings of the Third International Conference FASE 2000, March\/April, T. Maibaum, Ed., Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 1783, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 1\u201320."},{"key":"5099943_CR77","volume-title":"The Specification of Computer Programs","author":"W.M. Turski","year":"1987","unstructured":"Turski, W.M. and T.S.E. Maibaum (1987), The Specification of Computer Programs, Addison-Wesley, Wokingham."},{"key":"5099943_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Lamsweerde, A. (2000), \u201cFormal Specification: A Roadmap, \u201d In The Future of Software Engineering, 22nd ICSE, Limerick, Ireland, A. Finkelstein, Ed., ACM Press, pp. 149- 159.","DOI":"10.1145\/336512.336546"},{"key":"5099943_CR79","volume-title":"VENSIM\u00a9 4 Reference Manual","author":"VENSIM","year":"1999","unstructured":"VENSIM (1999), \u201cVENSIM\u00a9 4 Reference Manual, \u201d Ventana System Inc., Harvard, MA."},{"key":"5099943_CR80","unstructured":"*Weinberg, G.M. (1970), \u201cNatural Selection as Applied to Computers and Programs, \u201d General Systems 15."},{"issue":"2\/3","key":"5099943_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(99)00012-6","volume":"46","author":"P. Wernick","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wernick, P. and M.M. Lehman (1999), \u201cSoftware Process Dynamic Modelling for FEAST\/1, \u201d Journal of Systems and Software 46, 2\/3, April, 193\u2013201.","journal-title":"Journal of Systems and Software"},{"issue":"4","key":"5099943_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1145\/362575.362577","volume":"14","author":"W. Wirth","year":"1971","unstructured":"Wirth, W. (1971), \u201cProgram Development by Stepwise Refinement, \u201d Communications of the ACM 14, 4, April, 221\u201322.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"5099943_CR83","first-page":"4","volume":"2","author":"C.M. *Woodside","year":"1980","unstructured":"*Woodside, C.M. (1980), \u201cA Mathematical Model for the Evolution of Software, \u201d Journal of Systems and Software 2, 4.","journal-title":"Journal of Systems and Software"},{"key":"5099943_CR84","unstructured":"WWW (2001), \u201cFeedback, Evolution And Software Technology, FEAST Projects Web Site, \u201d Department of Computing, Imperial College, http:\/\/www.doc.ic.ac.uk\/~mml\/feast"},{"key":"5099943_CR85","volume-title":"SEI Series in Software Engineering","author":"S. Zahran","year":"1997","unstructured":"Zahran, S. (1997), Software Process Improvement - Practical Guidelines for Business Success, SEI Series in Software Engineering, Addison-Wesley, Harlow, England."}],"container-title":["Annals of Software Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1020557525901.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1020557525901\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1020557525901.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]],"date-time":"2025-05-18T14:09:25Z","timestamp":1747577365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1023\/A:1020557525901"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5099943"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1020557525901","relation":{},"ISSN":["1022-7091","1573-7489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1022-7091","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]}}}