{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T18:18:12Z","timestamp":1773857892371,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,1]],"date-time":"2002-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1038700800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,1]],"date-time":"2002-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1038700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of Software Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]},"DOI":"10.1023\/a:1020593305601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,18]],"date-time":"2003-03-18T20:12:43Z","timestamp":1048018363000},"page":"39-72","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Watts S.","family":"Humphrey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"5098023_CR1","volume-title":"Quality is Free","author":"P. B. Crosby","year":"1979","unstructured":"Crosby, P. B. (1979), Quality is Free, New American Library, Mentor, New York."},{"key":"5098023_CR2","volume-title":"Management Challenges for the 21st Century","author":"P. F. Drucker","year":"1999","unstructured":"Drucker, P. F. (1999), Management Challenges for the 21st Century, Harper Collins Publishers, New York."},{"issue":"3","key":"5098023_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1147\/sj.153.0182","volume":"15","author":"M. Fagan","year":"1976","unstructured":"Fagan, M. (1976), \u201cDesign and Code Inspections to Reduce Errors in Program Development, \u201d IBM Systems Journal 15, 3, 182\u2013211.","journal-title":"IBM Systems Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"5098023_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1109\/2.589907","volume":"30","author":"P. Ferguson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ferguson, P., W. S. Humphrey, S. Khajenoori, S. Macke, and A. Matvya (1997), \u201cIntroducing the Personal Software Process: Three Industry Case Studies, \u201d IEEE Computer 30, 5, 24\u201331.","journal-title":"IEEE Computer"},{"key":"5098023_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes, W. and J. W. Over (1997), \u201cThe Personal Software Process: An Empirical Study of the Impact of PSP on Individual Engineers, \u201d CMU\/SEI-97-TR-001.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA335543"},{"key":"5098023_CR6","unstructured":"Herbsleb, J., A. Carleton, J. Rozum, J. Siegel, and D. Zubrow (1994), \u201dBenefits of CMM-Based Software Process, \u201d CMU\/SEI-94-TR-13."},{"key":"5098023_CR7","unstructured":"Hilburn, T. B., \u201cPSP in Academia and Training, \u201d FASE (Forum for Academic Software Engineering), http:\/\/www.cs.ttu.edu\/fase"},{"key":"5098023_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Humphrey, W. S. (1986), \u201cSPEAKOUT: We Can Program SDI, \u201d IEEE Spectrum, April, 16.","DOI":"10.1109\/MSPEC.1986.6370861"},{"key":"5098023_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Humphrey, W. S. (1988), \u201cCharacterizing the Software Process: A Maturity Framework, \u201d IEEE Software, March, 73- 79.","DOI":"10.1109\/52.2014"},{"key":"5098023_CR10","volume-title":"Managing the Software Process","author":"W. S. Humphrey","year":"1989","unstructured":"Humphrey, W. S. (1989), Managing the Software Process, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA."},{"key":"5098023_CR11","volume-title":"A Discipline for Software Engineering","author":"W. S. Humphrey","year":"1995","unstructured":"Humphrey, W. S. (1995), A Discipline for Software Engineering, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA."},{"key":"5098023_CR12","volume-title":"Introduction to the Personal Software Process","author":"W. S. Humphrey","year":"1997","unstructured":"Humphrey, W. S. (1997), Introduction to the Personal Software Process, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA."},{"key":"5098023_CR13","volume-title":"Introduction to the Team Software Process","author":"W. S. Humphrey","year":"2000","unstructured":"Humphrey, W. S. (2000), Introduction to the Team Software Process, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA."},{"key":"5098023_CR14","volume-title":"Winning with Software: An Executive Strategy","author":"W. S. Humphrey","year":"2002","unstructured":"Humphrey, W. S. (2002), Winning with Software: An Executive Strategy, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA."},{"key":"5098023_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Humphrey, W. S., T. R. Snyder, and R. R. Willis (1991), \u201cSoftware Process Improvement at Hughes Aircraft, \u201d IEEE Software, July, 11- 23.","DOI":"10.1109\/52.300031"},{"key":"5098023_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Humphrey, W. S. and W. L. Sweet (1987), \u201cA Method for Assessing the Software Engineering Capability of Contractors, \u201d Technical Report CMU\/SEI-87-TR-23, Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA187230"},{"key":"5098023_CR17","volume-title":"Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman","author":"M. Miller","year":"1973","unstructured":"Miller, M. (1973), Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman, The Putnam Publishing Group, Berkley Publishing Group, New York."},{"key":"5098023_CR18","volume-title":"Principles of Computer Programming, A Mathematical Approach","author":"H. D. Mills","year":"1987","unstructured":"Mills, H. D., V. R. Basili, J. D. Gannon, and R. G. Hamlet (1987), Principles of Computer Programming, A Mathematical Approach, Allyn and Bacon, Newton, MA."},{"key":"5098023_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McAndrews, D. R. (2000), \u201cThe Team Software Process (TSP): An Overview and Preliminary Results of Using Disciplined Practices, \u201d Technical Report CMU\/SEI-2000-TR-015, ESC-TR-2000\u2013105.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA387061"},{"key":"5098023_CR20","volume-title":"The Capability Maturity Model: Guidelines for Improving the Software Process","author":"M. C. Paulk","year":"1995","unstructured":"Paulk, M. C., C. V. Weber, B. Curtis, and M. B. Chrissis (1995), The Capability Maturity Model: Guidelines for Improving the Software Process, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA."},{"issue":"2","key":"5098023_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1147\/sj.242.0091","volume":"24","author":"R. A. Radice","year":"1985","unstructured":"Radice, R. A., J. T. Harding, P. E. Munnis, and R. W. Phillips (1985), \u201cA Programming Process Study, \u201d IBM Systems Journal 24, 2, 91\u2013101.","journal-title":"IBM Systems Journal"}],"container-title":["Annals of Software Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1020593305601.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1020593305601\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1020593305601.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]],"date-time":"2025-05-18T14:09:13Z","timestamp":1747577353000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1023\/A:1020593305601"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5098023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1020593305601","relation":{},"ISSN":["1022-7091","1573-7489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1022-7091","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]}}}