{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T11:04:42Z","timestamp":1784804682768,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1991,1,1]],"date-time":"1991-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":662688000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1991,1,1]],"date-time":"1991-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":662688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Machine Learning"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,1]]},"DOI":"10.1023\/a:1022689900470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,4]],"date-time":"2003-04-04T16:55:36Z","timestamp":1049475336000},"page":"37-66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":565,"title":["Instance-Based Learning Algorithms"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"David W.","family":"Aha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Kibler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc K.","family":"Albert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"422993_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-55860-036-2.50098-9","volume-title":"Proceed-ings of the Sixth International Workshop on Machine Learning","author":"D.W. Aha","year":"1989","unstructured":"Aha, D.W. (1989a) Incremental, instance-based learning of independent and graded concept descriptions.Proceed-ings of the Sixth International Workshop on Machine Learning (pp.387-391) Ithaca, NY: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"422993_CR2","volume-title":"Incremental learning of independent, overlapping, and graded concepts with an instance-based process framework","author":"D.W. Aha","year":"1989","unstructured":"Aha, D.W. (1989b) Incremental learning of independent, overlapping, and graded concepts with an instance-based process framework (Technical Report 89-10) Irvine, CA: University of California, Irvine, Department of Information and Computer Science."},{"key":"422993_CR3","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IJCAI-1989 Workshop on Symbolic Problem Solving in Noisy, Novel, and Uncertain Task Environments.","author":"D.W. Aha","year":"1989","unstructured":"Aha, D.W. (1989c) Tolerating noise, irrelevant attributes, and novel attributes in instance-based learning algorithms. Proceedings of the IJCAI-1989 Workshop on Symbolic Problem Solving in Noisy, Novel, and Uncertain Task Environments.Detroit, MI: Computing Research Laboratory, New Mexico State University."},{"key":"422993_CR4","first-page":"794","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eleventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"D.W. Aha","year":"1989","unstructured":"Aha, D.W., & Kibler, D. (1989) Noise-tolerant instance-based learning algorithms.Proceedings of the Eleventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp.794-799) Detroit, MI: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"422993_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-934613-41-5.50005-2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Machine Learning","author":"E.R. Bareiss","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bareiss, E.R., Porter, B., & Wier, C.C. (1987) PROTOS:An exemplar-based learning apprentice.Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Machine Learning (pp.12-23) Irvine, CA: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"422993_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196968","volume":"11","author":"L.W. Barsalou","year":"1983","unstructured":"Barsalou, L.W. (1983) Ad hoc categories.Memory and Cognition, 11,211-227.","journal-title":"Memory and Cognition"},{"key":"422993_CR7","first-page":"273","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Association for Computing Machinery Symposium on Theory of Computing","author":"A. Blumer","year":"1986","unstructured":"Blumer, A., Ehrenfeucht, A., Haussler, D., & Warmuth, M. (1986) Classifying learnable geometric concepts with the Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension.Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Association for Computing Machinery Symposium on Theory of Computing (pp.273-282) Berkeley, CA: Association for Computing Machinery."},{"key":"422993_CR8","volume-title":"Classification and regression trees.","author":"L. Breiman","year":"1984","unstructured":"Breiman, L., Friedman, J.H., Olshen, R.A., & Stone, C.J. (1984) Classification and regression trees.Belmont, CA: Wadsworth International Group."},{"key":"422993_CR9","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Machine Learning","author":"G. Bradshaw","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bradshaw, G. (1987) Learning about speech sounds:The NEXUS project.Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Machine Learning (pp.1-11) Irvine, CA: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"422993_CR10","volume-title":"Cognition and categorization.","author":"L. Brooks","year":"1978","unstructured":"Brooks, L. (1978) Nonanalytic concept formation and memory for instances.In E. Rosch & B.B. Lloyd (Eds.), Cognition and categorization.Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"422993_CR11","volume-title":"Information, language, & cognition:Vancouver studies in cognitive science","author":"L. Brooks","year":"1989","unstructured":"Brooks, L. (1989) Concept formation and particularizing learning.In S. Hanson & R. Davis (Eds.), Information, language, & cognition:Vancouver studies in cognitive science (Vol.I) Vancouver, B.C.: UBC Press."},{"key":"422993_CR12","volume-title":"Progress in machine learning.","author":"B. Cestnik","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cestnik, B., Kononenko, I., & Bratko, I. (1987) ASSISTANT-86:A knowledge-elicitation tool for sophisticated users.In I. Bratko & N. Lavrac (Eds.), Progress in machine learning.Bled, Yugoslavia: Sigma Press."},{"key":"422993_CR13","volume-title":"Exemplar-based reasoning in geological prospect appraisal","author":"P.E. Clark","year":"1989","unstructured":"Clark, P.E. (1989) Exemplar-based reasoning in geological prospect appraisal (Technical Report 89-034) Glasgow, Scotland: Turing Institute."},{"key":"422993_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022641700528","volume":"3","author":"P.E. Clark","year":"1989","unstructured":"Clark, P.E., & Niblett, T. (1989) The CN2 induction algorithm.Machine Learning, 3, 261-284.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"422993_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1967.1053964","volume":"13","author":"T.M. Cover","year":"1967","unstructured":"Cover, T.M., & Hart, P.E. (1967) Nearest neighbor pattern classification.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Transactions on Information Theory, 13, 21-27.","journal-title":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Transactions on Information Theory"},{"key":"422993_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1980.4766972","volume":"2","author":"B.V. Dasarathy","year":"1980","unstructured":"Dasarathy, B.V. (1980) Nosing around the neighborhood:A new system structure and classification rule for recogni-tion in partially exposed environments.Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2, 67-71.","journal-title":"Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"422993_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Detrano, R., M.D. (1988) International application of a new probability algorithm for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease.Unpublished manuscript.","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.94.2.380"},{"key":"422993_CR18","volume-title":"Machine learning:An artificial intelligence approach.","author":"T.G. Dietterich","year":"1983","unstructured":"Dietterich, T.G., & Michalski, R.S. (1983) A comparative review of selected methods for learning from examples. In R.S. Michalski, J.G. Carbonell, & T.M.Mitchell (Eds.), Machine learning:An artificial intelligence approach. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"422993_CR19","first-page":"825","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"D.F. Fisher","year":"1989","unstructured":"Fisher, D.F. (1989) Noise-tolerant concept clustering.Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp.825-830) Detroit, MI: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"422993_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gates, G.W. (1972) The reduced nearest neighbor rule.IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 431-433.","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1972.1054809"},{"key":"422993_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1968.1054155","volume":"14","author":"P.E. Hart","year":"1968","unstructured":"Hart, P.E. (1968) The condensed nearest neighbor rule.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and Transactions on Information Theory, 14,515-516.","journal-title":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and Transactions on Information Theory"},{"key":"422993_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.93.4.411","volume":"93","author":"D.L. Hintzman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hintzman, D.L. (1986) \"Schema abstraction\"in a multiple-trace memory model.Psychological Review, 93,411-428.","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"422993_CR23","volume-title":"Probability and statistical inference.","author":"R.V. Hogg","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hogg, R.V., & Tanis, E.A. (1983) Probability and statistical inference.New York, NY: Macmillan."},{"key":"422993_CR24","unstructured":"Jabbour, K., Riveros, J.F.V., Landsbergen, D., & Meyer, W. (1987) ALFA:Automated load forecasting assistant. Proceedings of the 1987 IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting.San Francisco, CA."},{"key":"422993_CR25","unstructured":"Kibler, D, & Aha, D.W. (1988) Case-based classification.Proceedings of the Case-Based Reasoning Workshop at AMI 1988 (pp.62-67) Unpublished manuscript."},{"key":"422993_CR26","volume-title":"Change of representation and inductive bias.","author":"D. Kibler","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kibler, D., & Aha, D.W. (1989) Comparing instance-saving with instance-averaging learning algorithms.In D.P. Benjamin (Ed.), Change of representation and inductive bias.Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers."},{"key":"422993_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8640.1989.tb00315.x","volume":"5","author":"D Kibler","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kibler, D, Aha, D.W., & Albert, M. (1989) Instance-based prediction of real-valued attributes.Computational Intelligence, 5,51-57.","journal-title":"Computational Intelligence"},{"key":"422993_CR28","first-page":"256","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Seventh National Confer-ence on Artificial Intelligence","author":"P. Koton","year":"1988","unstructured":"Koton, P. (1988) Reasoning about evidence in causal explanations.Proceedings of the Seventh National Confer-ence on Artificial Intelligence (pp.256-261) St.Paul, MN: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"422993_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-55860-036-2.50102-8","volume-title":"Pro-ceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Machine Learning","author":"S. Markovitch","year":"1989","unstructured":"Markovitch, S., & Scott, P.D. (1989) Information filters and their implementation in the SYLLOG system.Pro-ceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Machine Learning (pp.404-407) Ithaca, NY: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"422993_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.85.3.207","volume":"85","author":"D.L. Medin","year":"1978","unstructured":"Medin, D.L., & Schaffer, M.M. (1978) Context theory of classification learning.Psychological Review, 85, 207-238.","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"422993_CR31","volume-title":"Selection of most representative training examples and incremental generation of VL1 hypotheses:The underlying methodology and the description of programs ESEL and AQ11","author":"R.S. Michalski","year":"1978","unstructured":"Michalski, R.S., & Larson, J.B. (1978) Selection of most representative training examples and incremental generation of VL1 hypotheses:The underlying methodology and the description of programs ESEL and AQ11 (Technical Report 867) Urbana, IL: University of Illinois, Department of Computer Science."},{"key":"422993_CR32","first-page":"1041","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fifth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"R.S. Michalski","year":"1986","unstructured":"Michalski, R.S., Mozetic, I., Hong, J., & Lavrac, N. (1986) The multi-purpose incremental learning system AQ15 and its testing application to three medical domains.Proceedings of the Fifth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp.1041-1045) Philadelphia, PA: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"422993_CR33","unstructured":"Michie, D., Muggleton, S., Riese, C., & Zubrick, S. (1984) Rulemaster:A second-generation knowledge-engineering facility.1984 Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Applications."},{"key":"422993_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.115.1.39","volume":"15","author":"R.M. Nosofsky","year":"1986","unstructured":"Nosofsky, R.M. (1986) Attention, similarity, and the identification-categorization relationship.Journal of Experi-mental Psychology:General, 15,39-57.","journal-title":"Journal of Experi-mental Psychology:General"},{"key":"422993_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022643204877","volume":"1","author":"J.R. Quinlan","year":"1986","unstructured":"Quinlan, J.R. (1986) Induction of decision trees.Machine Learning, 1, 81-106.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"422993_CR36","first-page":"304","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Tenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"J.R. Quinlan","year":"1987","unstructured":"Quinlan, J.R. (1987) Generating production rules from decision trees.Proceedings of the Tenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp.304-307) Milan, Italy: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"422993_CR37","first-page":"135","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"J.R. Quinlan","year":"1988","unstructured":"Quinlan, J.R. (1988) An empirical comparison of genetic and decision-tree classifiers.Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Machine Learning (pp.135-141) Ann Arbor, MI: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"422993_CR38","unstructured":"Quinlan, J.R., Compton, P.J., Horn, K.A., & Lazurus, L. (1986) Inductive knowledge acquisition:A case study.Proceedings of the Second Australian Conference on Applications of Expert Systems.Sydney, Australia."},{"key":"422993_CR39","first-page":"177","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Third European Working Session on Learning","author":"L. Rendell","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rendell, L. (1988) Learning hard concepts.Proceedings of the Third European Working Session on Learning (pp.177-200) Glasgow, Scotland: Pitman Publishing."},{"key":"422993_CR40","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Case-Based Reasoning Workshop","author":"E.L. Rissland","year":"1989","unstructured":"Rissland, E.L., Kolodner, J., & Waltz, D. (1989) Case-based reasoning from DARPA:Machine learning pro-gram plan.Proceedings of the Case-Based Reasoning Workshop (pp.1-13) Pensecola Beach, FL: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"422993_CR41","volume-title":"Principles of neurodynamics.","author":"F. Rosenblatt","year":"1962","unstructured":"Rosenblatt, F. (1962) Principles of neurodynamics.New York, NY: Spartan."},{"key":"422993_CR42","volume-title":"Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition","year":"1987","unstructured":"Rumelhart, D.E., McClelland, J.L., & The PDP Research Group (Eds.)(1987) Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition (Vol.1) Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"422993_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shamos, M.I., & Hoey, D. (1975) Closest point problems.Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Institute of Elec-trical and Electronic Engineers Symposium on the Foundations of Computer Science (pp.151-162.IEEE Com-puter Society.","DOI":"10.1109\/SFCS.1975.8"},{"key":"422993_CR44","volume-title":"Exemplar-based learning:Theory and implementation","author":"S. Salzberg","year":"1988","unstructured":"Salzberg, S. (1988) Exemplar-based learning:Theory and implementation (Technical Report TR-10-88) Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, Center for Research in Computing Technology."},{"key":"422993_CR45","first-page":"496","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fifth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"J.C. Schlimmer","year":"1986","unstructured":"Schlimmer, J.C., & Fisher, D. (1986) A case study of incremental concept induction.Proceedings of the Fifth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp.496-501) Philadelphia, PA: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"422993_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674866270","volume-title":"Categories and concepts.","author":"E.E. Smith","year":"1981","unstructured":"Smith, E.E., & Medin, D.L. (1981) Categories and concepts.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"422993_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1145\/7902.7906","volume":"29","author":"C. Stanfill","year":"1986","unstructured":"Stanfill, C., & Waltz, D. (1986) Toward memory-based reasoning.Communications of the ACM, 29,1213-1228.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"422993_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022699900025","volume":"4","author":"P.E. Utgoff","year":"1989","unstructured":"Utgoff, P.E. (1989) Incremental induction of decision trees.Machine Learning, 4,161-186.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"422993_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1145\/1968.1972","volume":"27","author":"L.G. Valiant","year":"1984","unstructured":"Valiant, L.G. (1984) A theory of the learnable.Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery, 27,1134-1142.","journal-title":"Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery"},{"key":"422993_CR50","first-page":"211","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth European Working Session on Learning","author":"W. Van de Velde","year":"1989","unstructured":"Van de Velde, W. (1989) IDL, or taming the multiplexer.Proceedings of the Fourth European Working Session on Learning (pp.211-225) Montpellier, France: Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"422993_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00318716","volume":"57","author":"D.J. Volper","year":"1987","unstructured":"Volper, D.J., & Hampson, S.E. (1987) Learning and using specific instances.Biological Cybernetics, 57,57-71.","journal-title":"Biological Cybernetics"}],"container-title":["Machine Learning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1022689900470.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1022689900470\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1022689900470.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T11:43:01Z","timestamp":1752147781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1023\/A:1022689900470"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1991,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,1]]}},"alternative-id":["422993"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1022689900470","relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-6125","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1991,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}